Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/em-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/em and Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/am-

Proto-Turkic

Etymology 1

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *(h)ima-gta (“always, constantly”) and Proto-Tungusic *ime- (“fresh, new”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Adverb

*em-

now

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ӗнтӗ (ĕnt̬ĕ)
Proto-Common Turkic: *em-:

Arghu:
- Khalaj:
Oghuz: امدی (imdi)^[1]
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: امدی (imdi)
    - Ajem-Turkic:
      - Azerbaijani: ایندی, indi
      - Sonqori: ایننی (inni)^[2]
      - Qashqai: اینگدی (iŋdi)^[3]
    - Ottoman Turkish: امدی (imdi)
      - Turkish: imdi, indi (archaic or dialectal)
- East Oghuz:
  - Khorasani Turkish: indi
  - Turkmen: indi
- Salar: inci
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: امدی (ämdi)
  - Chagatai: ایمدی (emdi)
    - Ili Turki: ämdi, endi
    - Uyghur: ئەمدى (emdi)
    - Uzbek: endi
Kipchak: [script needed] (emdi)
- Kipchak-Bulgar:
  - Tatar: инде (inde)
  - Bashkir: инде (inde)
- Kipchak-Cuman:
  - Crimean Tatar: endi
  - Urum: имди (imdi), эмди (emdi), энди (endi), эндэ (ende)
  - Karaim: энди (endi)
    - Karachay-Balkar: энди (endi)
  - Kumyk: энди (endi)
- Kipchak-Nogai:
  - Karakalpak: енди (endi)
  - Kazakh: енді (endı)
  - Nogai: энди (éndi)
  - Siberian Tatar: инди (indi)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: эми (emi)
  - Southern Altai: эмди (emdi)
    - Tuba-Kizhi: эмди (emdi), эмти (emti)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰢𐱃𐰃 (amtı)
- Old Uyghur: [script needed] (amtı)
  - Western Yugur: ам (am)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: аны (anı)
  - Yakut: аны (anı)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Dukhan: ам (am)
    - Tofa: ам (am), амды (amdı)
    - Tuvan: ам (am)
  - Yeniseian Turkic:
    - Chulym: эмде (emde)
    - Khakas: ам (am)
    - Shor: амды (amdı)
    - Northern Altai:
      - Kumandy-Kizhi: эм (em), эмде (emde)
      - Kuu-Kizhi: эм (em), эмди (emdi), эме (eme), эми (emi)

⇒ Proto-Common Turkic: *oš emdi

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: شمدی (şimdi), شندی (şindi), اوش امدی (uş imdi)
  - Gagauz: şindi
  - Ottoman Turkish: شمدی (şimdi), شیمدی, شندی
    - Turkish: şimdi, (colloquial) şindi
- Turkmen: şindi, şindiz
Kipchak:
- Kipchak-Cuman:
  - Crimean Tatar: şimdi
  - Karachay-Balkar: шинди (şindi)
  - Karaim: шинди (şindi), шынды (şındı)
    - Krymchak: шёндю (şöndü)
  - Urum: шинди (şindi), шиндик (şindik)

Etymology 2

Compared to Proto-Uralic *ime- (“to suck”) and Proto-Mongolic *em-kü- (“to swallow, bite, chew”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Verb

*em-ig or *em-ček

(transitive) to suck (breast of women or animals)
Synonym: *sim-

Derived terms

*emiŕ- (“to suckle”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ӗм (ĕm)

Arghu:
- Khalaj: əmmək
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: əmmək
  - Ottoman Turkish: اممك (emmek)
    - Turkish: emmek
    - Gagauz: emmää
- Salar: emgüsi
- Turkmen: emmek
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اماك (emmēk)
  - Chagatai: [script needed] (émmek)
    - Uyghur: ئەممەك (emmek)
    - Uzbek: emmoq
Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: emmek
  - Karachay-Balkar: эмерге (emerge)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: имеү (imew)
  - Tatar: имәргә (imärgä)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Kazakh: ему (emu)
    - Nogai: [script needed] (em-)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: эмүү (emüü)
    - Southern Altai: эмер (emer)
Siberian
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: эм (em)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: эмер (emer)
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: эмерге (emerge)
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (yim-)

References

^ al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 125
^ Straughn, Christopher A. (2023) “Sonqori: innị”, in Turkic database at Elegant Lexicon‎^[1]
^ Kuribayashi, Yu (2009) カシュカイ語の基礎語彙 [Basic Qashqai Vocabulary]‎^[2], page 215

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*em-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Straughn, Christopher A. (2023) “now”, in Turkic database at Elegant Lexicon
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*em-ig, *em-ček”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[4], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[1] -Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 125

[2] Straughn, Christopher A. (2023) “Sonqori: innị”, in Turkic database at Elegant Lexicon‎^[1]

[3] Kuribayashi, Yu (2009) カシュカイ語の基礎語彙 [Basic Qashqai Vocabulary]‎^[2], page 215

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