Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kamug

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

There have been two proposals for the etymology:

A borrowing from Middle Persian hmʾk' (hamāg, “all”), it also has a secure PIE etymology and as such cannot be a Turkic or Mongolic borrowing. This would also explain the -a- instead of -u- seen in Old Turkic.
A borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kamug (“all”) from *kamu- (“to gather”) whence also *kamtu (“together”). Compare also Proto-Tungusic *kamur (“together”), whence Nanai камор (kamor, “together”).

Noun

*kamug

all, everything

Declension

Declension of *kamug
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kamug
accusative	kamugug, kamugnï¹⁾
genitive	*kamugnuŋ
dative	*kamugka
locative	*kamugda
ablative	*kamugdan
allative	*kamuggaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kamugun
equative ²⁾	*kamugča
similative ²⁾	*kamuglayu
comitative ²⁾	*kamuglugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: قمو (qamu)
  - Ajem-Turkic: هامو (hamu)
    - Azerbaijani: hamı
  - Ottoman Turkish: قمو (kamu), قموق (kamuk), خمو (hamu) (all obsolete by 16th Century in İstanbul)
    - Turkish: (dialectal) hamu (“everyone, all”), hamı
    - → Turkish: kamu (“public”) (learned)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰢𐰍 (qamaɣ)
  - Old Uyghur: qʾmʾq (qamaɣ), qʾmwq (qamuɣ)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: хамык (xamık)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 627
al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kamu”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 243
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 229