Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yïl

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*yïl

year

Declension

Declension of *yïl
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*yïl
accusative	yïlïg, yïlnï¹⁾
genitive	*yïlnïŋ
dative	*yïlka
locative	*yïlta
ablative	*yïltan
allative	*yïlgaru
instrumental ²⁾	*yïlïn
equative ²⁾	*yïlča
similative ²⁾	*yïllayu
comitative ²⁾	*yïllïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ҫул (śul) (< *yāĺ, perhaps blended with *yïl)
Proto-Common Turkic: *yïl

Arghu:
- Khalaj: yıl
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: یل (yıl)
  - Azerbaijani: il
  - Gagauz: yıl
  - Ottoman Turkish: ییل (yıl)
    - Turkish: yıl
- Turkmen: ýyl
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: ییل (yïl)
  - Chagatai: ییل (yïl)
    - Uzbek: yil
    - Uyghur: يىل (yil)
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Tatar: ел (yel)
  - Bashkir: йыл (yıl)
- West Kipchak:
  - Karachay-Balkar: джыл (cıl)
  - Crimean Tatar: yıl
  - Kumyk: йыл (yıl)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: жыл (jyl)
  - Karakalpak: жыл (jıl)
  - Nogai: йыл (yıl)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: жыл (jıl)
  - Southern Altai: јыл (ǰïl)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (y²il¹ /⁠yïl⁠/)
  - Old Uyghur:
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (yil)
- North Siberian
  - Yakut: сыл (sıl)
  - Dolgan: һыл
- South Siberian
  - Sayan Turkic
    - Tuvan: чыл (çıl)
    - Tofa: чыл
  - Yenisei Turkic
    - Chulym: чыл
    - Northern Altai: чыл (čïl)
    - Shor: чыл
    - Khakas: чыл (çıl)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *ǯil
- Mongolian: жил (žil)
- Buryat: жэл (žel)
- Kalmyk: җил (jil)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 917
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 105
Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, page 275
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, pages 70-71