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This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *apluz, *aplaz.
Noun
*applu m[1]
- fruit
- Synonyms: *fruht, *obaet
- apple
Inflection
| u-stem
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Singular
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| Nominative
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*applu
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| Genitive
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*applō
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Singular
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Plural
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| Nominative
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*applu
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*appliwi, *applō
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| Accusative
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*applu
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*applū
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| Genitive
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*applō
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*appliwō
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| Dative
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*appliwi, *applō
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*applum
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| Instrumental
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*applu
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*applum
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Alternative reconstructions
Descendants
- Old English: æppel, apl, appel, æppyl
- Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
- English: apple (see there for further descendants)
- Scots: aipple
- Old Frisian: appel
- Old Saxon: appel, appul, apl
- Middle Low German: appel
- German Low German: Appel
- → German: Appel (colloquial, regional)
- Plautdietsch: Aupel
- Old Dutch: *appel, ephela (pl.), apheles (gen.sg.)
- Old High German: apful, aphul, apfol, afful, *appul — central
- Middle High German: apfel, epfel, öpfel, appel
- Alemannic German: Öpfel, Apfel
- Alsatian: Àpfel, Epfel
- Italian Walser: effél, epfel, epfil, öpfil
- Swabian: Ebfl
- Bavarian: Åpfe
- Cimbrian: oupfal, öpfel, öpfl
- Mòcheno: epfl
- Udinese: eipfele, epfl
- Central Franconian: Appel
- East Central German:
- Upper Saxon German: Abbel, Appel
- Vilamovian: epuł
- German: Apfel
- Rhine Franconian:
- Hessian: Àbbel, Ebbel, Abbel
- Pennsylvania German: Abbel, Appel
- Yiddish: עפּל (epl)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 330: “PWGmc *applu”