Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bihaldan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *bi- +‎ *haldan.

Verb

*bihaldan

  1. to keep

Inflection

Strong class 7c
Infinitive *bihaldan
1st sg. past *biheald
3rd pl. past *bihealdun
Past ptcple *bihaldan
Infinitive *bihaldan
Genitive infin. *bihaldannjas
Dative infin. *bihaldannjē
Instrum. infin. *bihaldannju
Indicative Present Past
1st singular *bihaldu *biheald
2nd singular *bihaldiʀi *bihealdī
3rd singular *bihaldidi *biheald
1st plural *bihaldum *bihealdum
2nd plural *bihaldid *bihealdud
3rd plural *bihaldand *bihealdun
Subjunctive Present Past
1st singular *bihaldē *bihealdī
2nd singular *bihaldēs *bihealdī
3rd singular *bihaldē *bihealdī
1st plural *bihaldēm *bihealdīm
2nd plural *bihaldēþ *bihealdīd
3rd plural *bihaldēn *bihealdīn
Imperative Present
Singular *bihald
Plural *bihaldid
Present Past
Participle *bihaldandī *bihaldan

Descendants

  • Old English: behealdan, bihealdan
    • Middle English: biholden, beholde, bihold, bi-hold, biholde, byholde, bi-halden (Early Middle English), bihelde (Kent), behald, be-hald, behalde (Northern)
      • English: behold
      • Middle Scots: behald
        • Scots: behaud
      • ⇒ Middle English: biholden, beholde, biholde, be-hold, be-holde, beholdyn, byholdyn (Late Middle English), bihalden (north West Midlands)
        • English: beholden
        • Middle Scots: behaldin
          • Scots: behauden, behadden, behudden
  • Old Frisian: bihalda
  • Old Saxon: bihaldan
    • Middle Low German: beholden
      • Plautdietsch: behoolen
      • German Low German: beholen, behollen
        Bentheimisch, Dortmunder, Sauerländisch, East Frisian Low Saxon, Westmünsterländisch: behollen
        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: behaulen
      • → Norwegian: beholde
      • → Swedish: behålla
      • → Danish: beholde
  • Old Dutch: *bihaldan
  • Old High German: bihaltan
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