Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skuddjan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skudjaną,^[1] from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kuh₁t-yé-ti. The short u could be adopted from the related *skundijan (“to hasten”), see Proto-Germanic *skundijaną.^[2]

Verb

*skuddjan^[3]

to shake
to shiver

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*skuddjan
1st sg. past	*skuddā
Infinitive	*skuddjan
Genitive infin.	*skuddjannjas
Dative infin.	*skuddjannjē
Instrum. infin.	*skuddjannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*skuddju	*skuddā
2nd singular	*skudisi	skuddēs, skuddōs
3rd singular	*skudiþi	skuddē, skuddā
1st plural	*skuddjum	*skuddum
2nd plural	*skudiþ	*skuddud
3rd plural	*skuddjanþ	*skuddun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*skuddjē	*skuddī
2nd singular	*skuddjēs	*skuddī
3rd singular	*skuddjē	*skuddī
1st plural	*skuddjēm	*skuddīm
2nd plural	*skuddjēþ	*skuddīd
3rd plural	*skuddjēn	*skuddīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*skudi
Plural	*skudiþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*skuddjandī	*skudd

Related terms

*skudrōn (“to shake”)
*skundijan (“to hasten”)

Descendants

Old Frisian: skedda
Old Saxon: skuddian
- Middle Low German: schüdden
  - Low German: schüdden
Old Dutch: scudden
- Middle Dutch: schudden
  - Dutch: schudden
    - Afrikaans: skud
    - Negerhollands: skud, skyd
  - Limburgish: sjödde
Old High German: scutten
- Middle High German: schütten
  - German: schütten

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skudjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 449
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*(s)ku̯eh₁t-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 563
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skuđđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skudjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 449

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*(s)ku̯eh₁t-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 563

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skuđđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345

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