Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skuldru

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; suggested to be either cognate with Ancient Greek σκέλος (skélos, “leg”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to bend”),^[1] or related to *skeldu (“shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split”), + *-þr +‎ *-u.

Noun

*skuldru f^[2]

shoulder
Synonym: *ahslu, *bōgu

Declension

ō-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*skuldru
Genitive	*skoldrā
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*skuldru	*skoldrō
Accusative	*skoldrā	*skoldrā
Genitive	*skoldrā	*skoldrō
Dative	*skuldrē	skoldrōm, skuldrum
Instrumental	*skuldru	skoldrōm, skuldrum

Alternative reconstructions

*skuldr^[1]
*skuldriju^[3]

Synonyms

Proto-Germanic: *ahslō, *hardį̄

Derived terms

*skuldrublad

Descendants

Old English: sċuldra m, sċuldor, sċuldru
- Middle English: schuldre, scholder, scholdour, scholdur, schoulder, schulder, schuldir, schuldyr, sculdre, sholder, sholdir, sholdre, shulder, shuldur, ssoldre, ssuldre
  - English: shoulder, shouder (dialectal)
  - Middle Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder
    - Scots: shouder, shooder, shouther, shoother, shidder
  - Yola: shuller
Old Frisian: skuldere m
- Saterland Frisian: Schullere, Skullere (<? Low German)
- West Frisian: skouder
Old Saxon: *skuldra f
- Middle Low German: scholder m
  - Low German: Schuller, Schulder f
  - Plautdietsch: Schulla
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: skulder
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: skulder
  - → Swedish: skuldra
  - → Danish: skulder
  - → Gutnish: skuldre, skuldrå
Old Dutch: *sculdero
- Middle Dutch: schoudere
  - Dutch: schouder, schouwer (dialectal)
    - Afrikaans: skouer
  - Limburgish: sjouwer
Old High German: skultera, scultera, scultra f
- Middle High German: schulter, schulder
  - Central Franconian: Scholder
  - Bavarian: Schuiter, Schulter
  - German: Schulter f
  - Luxembourgish: Schëller
  - → Esperanto: ŝultro

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skuldra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450
^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 127: “*skuldru ‘shoulder’”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skulđr(j)ō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skuldra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450

[2] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 127: “*skuldru ‘shoulder’”

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skulđr(j)ō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345

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