Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/cewç

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *čɨʔs (per Vovin 2000)
  • *tʲɨˀs (per Werner 2002)
  • *caj-s (per Vajda 2022)
  • *ceʧ, *cec (per Cologne group 2023 & 2024. Pattern: t.1-s.1)

Reconstruction notes

Vajda (2022)'s reconstruction with the nucleus *-aj- dissimilates to *-ew- after the palatal onset /*c/, which is adopted so in Vajda (2024). From a practical point of view, both reconstructions are identical.

Etymology

Composed of *cew (“stone, pebble”) +‎ *-ç (singulative suffix).

Compared to Proto-Na-Dene *caj; Proto-Athabaskan *tseˑ (“stone”), Eyak tsaˑ (“stone”) and Tlingit shaa (šàː, “mountain”). Werner (2002) suggests that the Ketic forms were borrowed from Proto-Turkic *tāš. Vajda-Werner (2022) clarifies that the direction of borrowing is probably Ketic > Turkic, if there is a relation in the first place.

Noun

*cew-ç (plural *cew-Vŋ)

  1. stone

Descendants

  • Ketic: *tʲɯˀs
    • Ket: ты’сь (tɨˀsʲ)
      • Ket: Тысдэʼӈ (Tɨsdɛˀŋ, “Evenki people”, literally “stone-people (referring to the stony [Eastern] bank of the Yenisei)”)
    • Yug: чы’с (čɨˀs)
      • → Pumpokol: čis
    • →? Proto-Turkic: *tāš (“stone”)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: šiš
    • Kott: šiš
    • ⇒ Kott: šiŋeäŋ (“rock”)
  • Arinic:
  • Pumpokolic:
    • >? Xiongnu: 羯 (*kad /⁠*ket⁠/, “stone?, Jié people”)[1]
    • Pumpokol: kit

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2000) “Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?”, in Central Asiatic Journal‎[1], volume 44, number 1, Harrassowitz Verlag, page 91 of 87-104
  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 53 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 251 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “59.) ~*caj”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 353‒354
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*tʲɯˀs”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 961
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*cew-ç”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[5], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 414
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 312
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