Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/dukʷ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *duˀ (for Ketic, per Werner 2002 & Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *duka, *dugə, *duˀ(χ) (per Werner 2002)
  • *dug (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *duwkʷ (per Vajda 2022)
  • *duH (per Cologne group 2023. Pattern: d.1-?)

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Na-Dene *dujč (“charred object, blackened by fire”); Proto-Athabaskan *tˀe̓ˑčˀ (“charcoal”), Eyak -tˀuˑčˀ (“to be black”) and Tlingit tʼoochʼ (tˀùːčˀ, “charcoal, black”). Proto-Na-Dené reconstruction is Vajda's own, and he features a *-j- glide based on Tlingit. Sound correspondances are not completely regular, though this is brushed up to the problematic glide element.

Noun

*dukʷ (no plural)

  1. smoke, steam

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: du (“steam”)
      • Ket: ду’ (duˀ, “smoke, soot”)
    • Yug: ду’ (duˀ)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: tu
    • Kott: tu, tug (“smoke”)
      • ⇒ Kott: tua (“smoky”)
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: t'u (tʲu)
  • Pumpokolic:
    • ⇒ Pumpokol: dúkar (“smoke, smoking pipe”) (compounded with ar (“breath”))

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[1], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 39-82
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “9.) *dujkʷ”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 330-331
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*duˀ < *dug”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, pages 222-223
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*dukʷ/*dukʷ-Vŋ”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 412
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “(2) duˀ (n., Pl. dún'aŋ)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 210
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