cáin

See also: cain, Cain, -cain-, caín, Caín, Caïn, càin, and Cáin

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish cáin (law, rule, fine, tax, tribute).[1] The verb is from Middle Irish cáinid (revile, rail at, reproach), from the noun.[2] Compare Scottish Gaelic càin.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kɑːnʲ/[3], /kaːnʲ/[4][5]
  • (North Donegal) IPA(key): /kɛːnʲ/[6]

Noun

cáin f (genitive singular cánach or cána, nominative plural cánacha)

  1. (literary)
    1. law, rule, regulation, set of laws or rules or regulations
    2. due, tribute
  2. fine, penalty
    Synonym: fíneáil
  3. impost, tax, taxation

Declension

Standard inflection (fifth declension):

Declension of cáin (fifth declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative cáin cánacha
vocative a cháin a chánacha
genitive cánach cánacha
dative cáin
cánaigh (archaic, dialectal)
cánacha
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an cháin na cánacha
genitive na cánach na gcánacha
dative leis an gcáin
leis an gcánaigh (archaic, dialectal)
don cháin
don chánaigh (archaic, dialectal)
leis na cánacha

Alternative inflection (third declension):

Declension of cáin (third declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative cáin cánacha
vocative a cháin a chánacha
genitive cána cánacha
dative cáin cánacha
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an cháin na cánacha
genitive na cána na gcánacha
dative leis an gcáin
don cháin
leis na cánacha

Derived terms

  • cáin ancaireachta (anchorage)
  • cáin charbóin (carbon tax)
  • cáin ioncaim (income-tax)
  • cáinaisnéis ((governmental) budget)
  • faoiseamh cánach

Verb

cáin (present analytic cáineann, future analytic cáinfidh, verbal noun cáineadh, past participle cáinte) (ambitransitive)

  1. to fine (issue a fine as punishment)
  2. to revile
  3. to criticise, condemn, censure

Conjugation

Alternative conjugation:

Mutation

Mutated forms of cáin
radical lenition eclipsis
cáin cháin gcáin

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cáin”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cáinid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  3. ^ Ó Searcaigh, Séamus (1925) Foghraidheacht Ghaedhilge an Tuaiscirt [Pronunciation of Northern Irish]‎[1] (in Irish), Béal Feirste [Belfast]: Brún agus Ó Nualláin [Browne and Nolan], section 256, page 111
  4. ^ de Búrca, Seán (1958) The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo: A Phonemic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 185, page 36
  5. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 263, page 93
  6. ^ Lucas, Leslie W. (1979) Grammar of Ros Goill Irish Co. Donegal (Studies in Irish Language and Literature, Department of Celtic, Q.U.B.; vol. 5), Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University of Belfast, page 239

Further reading

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ká(g)ni- (tribute, law), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂/₃ǵ-n-, of uncertain relation to words like Latin conor (to attempt) and Macedonian кани (kani, to invite).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kaːnʲ]

Noun

cáin f

  1. law (system, set of regulations), regulation, rule
  2. legal due, fine, tax, tribute

Inflection

Feminine i-stem
singular dual plural
nominative cáin cáinL cánaiH
vocative cáin cáinL cánaiH
accusative cáinN cáinL cánaiH
genitive cánoH, cánaH cánoH, cánaH cánaeN
dative cáinL cánaib cánaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Irish: cáin
  • Scottish Gaelic: càin

Mutation

Mutation of cáin
radical lenition nasalization
cáin cháin cáin
pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “kā(g)ni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 183|

Further reading