garðr

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gardaz (“court, yard, enclosure”).

Cognate with Old English ġeard, Old Saxon gard, Old High German gart, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards).

Pronunciation

  • (12th century Icelandic) IPA(key): /ˈɡɑrðr̩/

Noun

garðr m (genitive garðs, plural garðar)

  1. a fence, wall
    • Grágás, in 1829, J. F. W. Schlegel, Hin forna lögbok islendinga sem nefnist Gragas, Volume II. Copenhagen, page 264:
      Ef þar er garðr of þioþbraut þvera, […]
      If there is a fence on a high road, […]
  2. (especially in compounds) an enclosed space, yard
    • Konungs skuggsjá 10, in 1848, R. Keyser, P. R. Munch, C. R. Unger, Speculum regale. Konungs-skuggsjá. Konge-speilet. Christiania, page 23:
      […] heldr eru þeir reistir umhverfis kirkjuna við kirkjugarðinn, […]
      […] but rather set up around the church along the churchyard, […]
  3. a courtyard, court
    • Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar 1, in 1835, F. Magnússon, C. C. Rafn, Fornmanna sögur, Volume X. Copenhagen, page 218:
      […] er hann com heim í þorpit, oc geck um garðinn, […]
      […] when he came home to the town and walked through the courtyard, […]
  4. a house, dwelling
    • Egils saga 62, in 1809, Guðmundur Magnússon, Egils-saga: sive Egilli Skallagrimii vita. Copenhagen, page 407:
      Egill spurdi hvar garðr sá veri í borginni er Arinbiörn átti […]
      Egill asked where in the city was the house that Arinbjörn owned […]
  5. (especially in compounds) a stronghold, castle, hold
    • Vǫluspá, verse 4, lines 3-4, in 1860, T. Möbius, Edda Sæmundar hins fróða: mit einem Anhang zum Theil bisher ungedruckter Gedichte. Leipzig, page 1:
      […] þeir er miðgarð / mœran skópu; […]
      […] those who Middle-hold / mighty shaped' […]

Declension

Declension of garðr (strong a-stem)
masculine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative garðr garðrinn garðar garðarnir
accusative garð garðinn garða garðana
dative garði garðinum gǫrðum gǫrðunum
genitive garðs garðsins garða garðanna

Derived terms

  • aldingarðr (“garden”)
  • dýragarðr (“yard with wild beasts”)
  • Garðakonungr (“the king of Rus'”)
  • garðaleiga (“house-rent”)
  • Garðar (“Rus'”)
  • Garðaríki (“Rus'”)
  • garðasól (“orach”)
  • Garðaveldi (“Rus'”)
  • garðbrjótr, garðbrytill (“fence-breaker”)
  • garðbrot (“breach of a fence”)
  • garðbót (“reparation of a fence”)
  • garðhlið (“gate”)
  • garðhverfa (“fence, pinfold”)
  • garðhús (“privy”)
  • Garðkonungr (“the Greek emperor”)
  • garðlag (“building of a fence”)
  • garðlauss (“fenceless”)
  • garðleiga (“house-rent”)
  • garðrúm (“courtyard”)
  • garðsaurr (“sewage”)
  • garðsbóndi (“house-owner”)
  • garðsendi (“end of a fence”)
  • garðseti (“end of a hay-yard”)
  • garðshlið (“gate”)
  • garðshorn (“cottage”)
  • garðshúsfreyja (“town-lady”)
  • garðskipti (“partition by a fence”)
  • garðskrókr (“fence-nook”)
  • garðsrúst (“ruin of a fence”)
  • garðsseti (“end of a hay-yard”)
  • garðstaurr (“fence-stake”)
  • garðstaðr (“place of a fence”)
  • garðsveinn (“valet”)
  • garðsǫnn (“season of fence-work”)
  • garðtorfa (“slice of a turf”)
  • garðvirki (“fencework materials”)
  • garðvǫrðr (“overseer”)
  • garðǫnn (“season of fence-work”)
  • grasgarðr (“garden”)
  • grjótgarðr (“stone fence”)
  • hagagarðr (“pasture fence”)
  • heygarðr (“hay-yard”)
  • hofgarðr (“lordly mansion”)
  • Holmgarðaborg (“Novgorod”)
  • Holmgarðaríki (“Novgorod land, Novgorodian Rus'”)
  • Holmgarðr (“Novgorod”)
  • kirkjugarðr (“churchyard”)
  • kálgarðr (“kaleyard”)
  • Kœnugarðr (“Kiev”)
  • Miklagarðr (“Constantinople”)
  • Miðgarðr (“Midgard, Earth”)
  • Nogarðar (“Novgorod”)
  • rifgarðr (“swathe”)
  • salgarðr (“wall”)
  • skíðgarðr (“rail fence”)
  • stakkgarðr (“stackyard”)
  • stíflugarðr (“ditch”)
  • torfgarðr (“turf fence”)
  • túngarðr (“town fence”)
  • virkisgarðr (“castle wall”)
  • víngarðr (“vineyard”)
  • Ásgarðr (“Asgard”)
  • Útgarðr (“Utgard, Outer-hold”)

Descendants

  • Icelandic: garður
  • Faroese: garður
  • Norn: gart
  • Norwegian: gard; (dialectal) gard’e
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: gard
  • Jamtish: gaoł
  • Old Swedish: garþer, ᚵᛆᚱᚦᚽᚱ
  • Old Danish: garth
  • → Middle English: garth
  • → Middle Irish: garrda
  • → Middle Welsh: garð

Further reading

  • Richard Cleasby, Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1874) “garðr”, in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, 1st edition, Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, page 191
  • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “garðr”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 161; also available at the Internet Archive
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