gostwng

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo-exs-stong-,[1] equivalent to go- +‎ reflex of Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ-.[2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɡɔsdʊŋ/, [ˈɡɔstʊŋ]
  • Rhymes: -ɔsdʊŋ

Verb

gostwng (first-person singular present gostyngaf)

  1. (ambitransitive) to lessen, to lower, to reduce
    Synonym: lleihau
    Antonym: codi
  2. (intransitive) to bow, to curtsy

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future gostyngaf gostyngi gostwng, gostynga gostyngwn gostyngwch gostyngant gostyngir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/
conditional 		gostyngwn gostyngit gostyngai gostyngem gostyngech gostyngent gostyngid
preterite gostyngais gostyngaist gostyngodd gostyngasom gostyngasoch gostyngasant gostyngwyd
pluperfect gostyngaswn gostyngasit gostyngasai gostyngasem gostyngasech gostyngasent gostyngasid, gostyngesid
present subjunctive gostyngwyf gostyngych gostyngo gostyngom gostyngoch gostyngont gostynger
imperative — gostwng, gostynga gostynged gostyngwn gostyngwch gostyngent gostynger
verbal noun gostwng
verbal adjectives gostyngedig
gostyngadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
inflected
colloquial forms 		singular plural
first second third first second third
future gostynga i,
gostyngaf i 		gostyngi di gostyngith o/e/hi,
gostyngiff e/hi 		gostyngwn ni gostyngwch chi gostyngan nhw
conditional gostyngwn i,
gostyngswn i 		gostynget ti,
gostyngset ti 		gostyngai fo/fe/hi,
gostyngsai fo/fe/hi 		gostyngen ni,
gostyngsen ni 		gostyngech chi,
gostyngsech chi 		gostyngen nhw,
gostyngsen nhw
preterite gostyngais i,
gostynges i 		gostyngaist ti,
gostyngest ti 		gostyngodd o/e/hi gostyngon ni gostyngoch chi gostyngon nhw
imperative — gostynga — — gostyngwch —

Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of gostwng
radical soft nasal aspirate
gostwng ostwng ngostwng unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gostwng”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  2. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 156 i (13)
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