Egyptian
Etymology 1
Likely from jfdw (“four”), with an original meaning of ‘run on all fours’ and so ‘run away like a wild animal’.[1] Compare jfdt (“all fours”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈʔaːfətʼ/ → /ˈʔoːfətʼ/
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive) to flee or run away like a wild animal [since the 18th Dynasty]
- (transitive) to rush through or across (a place)
- ― jfdj ḥr ssmt ― to traverse on horseback
Inflection
Conjugation of jfd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jfd, geminated stem: jfdd
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
jfd
|
jfdw, jfd
|
jfdt
|
jfd
|
jfd
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
jfd
|
ḥr jfd
|
m jfd
|
r jfd
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jfd.n
|
jfdw, jfd
|
consecutive
|
jfd.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
jfdt
|
| perfective3
|
jfd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
jfd.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
jfd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
jfd
|
jfdd
|
potentialis1
|
jfd.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
jfd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jfd.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
jfd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jfd
|
jfd, jfdw5, jfdy5
|
| imperfective
|
jfd, jfdy, jfdw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jfd, jfdj6, jfdy6
|
jfd, jfdw5
|
| prospective
|
jfd, jfdtj7
|
—
|
jfdtj4, jfdt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
|
|
|
| jfd
|
jfjd
|
|
|
[21st Dynasty]
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϥⲧ (ōft)
Etymology 2
From jfdw (“four”).
Pronunciation
Noun
m
- rectangular block of stone [Middle Kingdom]
- rectangle, rectangular form (as opposed to dbn (“round”)) [Mathematical papyri]
Inflection
Declension of jfd (masculine)
| singular
|
jfd
|
| dual
|
jfdwj
|
| plural
|
jfdw
|
Descendants
Noun
m
- rectangular parcel of land [Mathematical papyri]
Inflection
Declension of jfd (masculine)
| singular
|
jfd
|
| dual
|
jfdwj
|
| plural
|
jfdw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
Noun
m
- a kind of linen, ‘four-weave’ linen
Inflection
Declension of jfd (masculine)
| singular
|
jfd
|
| dual
|
jfdwj
|
| plural
|
jfdw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
Derived terms
Noun
m
- (linen) sheet or blanket
Usage notes
Some authors separate this word into two and hypothesize that certain writings—those with determinatives such as
or
—represent a different meaning, an article of furniture such as couch. By contrast, others such as the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae analyze all writings as the same word. (The TLA treats the writing with determinative
as a scribal error.)
Inflection
Declension of jfd (masculine)
| singular
|
jfd
|
| dual
|
jfdwj
|
| plural
|
jfdw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| jfd
|
jfd
|
jfd
|
jfd
|
jfdj
|
jfdj
|
|
|
|
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
|
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
in hieratic
|
in hieratic
|
Derived terms
Proper noun
m
- a shrine in Edfu [Greco-Roman Period]
References
- “jfd (lemma ID 24610)”, “jfd (lemma ID 24600)”, “jfd (lemma ID 24570)”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 850630)”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 24590)”, and “Jfd (lemma ID 24580)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 71.10–72.3
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 17
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 191.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 97