jwtj

Egyptian

Etymology

From jwt (negation particle) +‎ -j (nisba ending). The noun jwtj is in turn simply a nominalized use of the adjective jwtj.

Pronunciation

Adjective
  1. the negative relative adjective — allows a clause to serve as a negated relative clause, usually with an adverbial or verbal predicate [chiefly Old Egyptian]
    1. (introducing a direct relative clause, with jwtj serving in place of a subject) which is not, who is not, not being
    2. (introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) such that it is not the case that, for which it is not the case that
    3. (introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) which has no, who has no, not having, without

Usage notes

When jwtj introduces an indirect relative clause with a pronominal subject, the subject generally takes the form of a suffix pronoun attached to jwtj. However, clauses with a first-person singular subject instead use the dependent pronoun wj, and those with a third-person subject sometimes use the dependent pronoun st. Other subjects can rarely also appear in dependent-pronoun form.

Properly speaking, the usage of jwtj with a noun phrase also introduces an indirect relative clause; it constitutes the relative counterpart of a negated existential clause with nn.

Analogously to jw, jwtj asserts that the statement in the clause is false at the time of the statement, marking it as modally realis.

Inflection

Declension of jwtj (nisba adjective)
masculine feminine
singular jwtj
 jwtt
dual jwtjwj, jwtwj
 jwttj
plural jwtjw, jwtw
 jwtwt1, jwtt2
1 Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
2 From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jwtj  



jwtj jwtw jwtw jwt
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jwtj  






jwtj jwtj jwt jwtw jwt ꜣtj jꜣtj
[Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [New Kingdom]

Antonyms

Descendants

  • Demotic: jwṱ
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-), ⲁⲑ- (ath-)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲧ- (at-), ⲁⲧⲉ- (ate-)

Noun

 m

  1. (introducing a direct relative clause) he who is not, one who is not, that which is not
  2. (introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) he for whom it is not the case that, one for whom it is not the case that, that for which it is not the case that

    ― jwtj ḫsf.f ― one who cannot be warded off
  3. (introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) he who doesn’t have, one not having, one without


    ― jwtj snnw.f ― one without equal

    ― jwtj wn.f ― one without a fault
    ― jwtj ḫt.f ― dispossessed person (literally, “one without a thing/possession of his”)
  4. (without a following relative clause or noun phrase) he who doesn’t exist, one who doesn’t exist, that which doesn’t exist

Usage notes

See under the adjective above.

Inflection

See under the adjective above.

Alternative forms

See under the adjective above.

Antonyms

Derived terms

References

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