Egyptian
Etymology
Compare with Arabic أَمَرَ (ʔamara, “to instruct, to show how or what to do”) and Akkadian 𒅆 (amārum, “to look at, to see, to learn by experience”).[1]
Pronunciation
Verb
2ae gem.
- (transitive) to look at, to see (+ m: as)
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 28–30:
- mꜣ.sn pt mꜣ.sn tꜣ mꜥkꜣ jb.sn r mꜣ(j)w
- (Whether) they saw sky or they saw land, their minds were more observant than lions.
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 179–181:
- mꜣ wj r sꜣ sꜣḥ.j tꜣ r sꜣ mꜣ.j dpt.n.j
- See me after setting foot on land, after seeing what I’ve experienced!
Inflection
Conjugation of mꜣꜣ (irregular second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: mꜣ, geminated stem: mꜣꜣ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
mꜣꜣ8, mꜣ, mꜣn
|
mꜣꜣ
|
mꜣꜣt
|
mꜣꜣ, mꜣ
|
mꜣꜣ, mꜣ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
mꜣꜣ, mꜣ
|
ḥr mꜣꜣ
|
m mꜣꜣ
|
r mꜣꜣ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
mꜣ.n, mꜣꜣ.n
|
mꜣ
|
consecutive
|
mꜣ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
mꜣꜣt
|
| perfective3
|
mꜣ, mꜣn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
mꜣꜣ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
mꜣꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
mꜣꜣ
|
mꜣꜣ
|
potentialis1
|
mꜣ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
mꜣ, mꜣn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
mꜣ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
mꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
mꜣ
|
mꜣ, mꜣw5, mꜣy5
|
| imperfective
|
mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣy, mꜣꜣw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣj6, mꜣꜣy6
|
mꜣꜣ, mꜣꜣw5
|
| prospective
|
mꜣ, mꜣtj7
|
—
|
mꜣꜣtj4, mꜣꜣt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
- Not used before suffix pronouns.
|
Derived terms
Noun
m
- sight, vision
- appearance, aspect
- inspection, supervision, oversight
- means of recognition
Inflection
Declension of mꜣꜣ (masculine)
| singular
|
mꜣꜣ
|
| dual
|
mꜣꜣwj
|
| plural
|
mꜣꜣw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜣ
References
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 7.1–10.14
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 100
- Hannig, Rainer (1997) Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch: die Sprache der Pharaonen (2800–950 v. Chr.) (Hannig-Lexica; 1), second edition, Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, →ISBN, page 314
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 156, 164–165, 228, 249, 267–268, 314.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 41