mundur

See also: mundúr

Albanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From past participle of mund.

Adverb

mundur

  1. possible
  2. beaten, won, defeated

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay موندور (mundur), from Javanese ꦩꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦂ (mundur, to move backwards, to retreat), from Old Javanese mundur (to retreat, to fall back, to retire, to withdraw). Reconstructed as undur +‎ meng-. Doublet of mengundur.

Pronunciation

  • (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈmundur/ [ˈmun.dʊr]
  • Rhymes: -undur
  • Syllabification: mun‧dur

Verb

mundur (intransitive, does not take voice prefixes)

  1. to retreat, to retire, to withdraw, to recede, to back up, to go backward, to turn back
    Tolong mundur sedikit, saya tidak bisa lewat.
    Please step back a little, I can't get through.
    Kalau kita mundur beberapa abad ke belakang, situasinya sangat berbeda.
    If we went back several centuries, the situation would be very different.
  2. to decline
  3. to decrease
  4. to deteriorate

Conjugation

Conjugation of mundur (meng-, transitive)
root mundur
active passive basic
imperative
emphatic
jussive
reflective1 ordinary
ordinary
nominative mundur mundur mundurlah
accusative / dative / locative
perfective causative / applicative2 memundurkan termundurkan dimundurkan mundurkan mundurkanlah
causative
nominative
accusative / dative / locative
perfective causative / applicative2

1 There is another form of reflective passive verb with affixation of ke- -an which is not included in the table. This form is only attested in active voice without causative affixation of per-.
2 The -kan row is either causative or applicative. With transitive roots it mostly has applicative meaning.
Some of these forms do not normally exist or are rarely used in standard Indonesian. Some forms may also change meaning.

Derived terms

  • kemunduran
  • memundurkan
  • pemunduran
  • mundur eksponensial
  • mundur eksponensial biner
  • mundur maju
  • mundur teratur

Further reading

Javanese

Romanization

mundur

  1. romanization of ꦩꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦂ

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from German Montur.

Noun

mundur m (definite singular munduren, indefinite plural mundurar, definite plural mundurane)

  1. military uniform
    Synonym: mundering

Old Javanese

Etymology

Affixation of undur +‎ (m)aN-.

Verb

mundur

  1. to retreat,
  2. to fall back,
  3. to retire,
  4. to withdraw

Descendants

  • > Javanese: ꦩꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦂ (mundur) (inherited)
    • Malay: موندور (mundur)
      • > Indonesian: mundur (inherited)

Further reading

  • "mundur" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Polish

Etymology

Borrowed from German Montur, from French monture.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈmun.dur/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -undur
  • Syllabification: mun‧dur

Noun

mundur m inan (diminutive mundurek)

  1. uniform (a distinctive outfit as a means of identifying members of a group)

Declension

Derived terms

Further reading

  • mundur in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • mundur in Polish dictionaries at PWN