nhe'eng
Old Tupi
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɲɛˈʔɛ̃ŋ]
- Rhymes: -ɛ̃ŋ
- Hyphenation: nhe‧'eng
Etymology 1
From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jeʔeŋ, from Proto-Tupian *weʔeŋ.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní ñe'ẽ.
Verb
nhe'eng (first-person singular active indicative anhe'eng, first-person singular negative active indicative n'anhe'engi, noun nhe'enga) (intransitive)
- to speak; to talk [with supé ‘to someone’]
- Peró supé oronhe'eng.
- We talked to the Portuguese.
- to answer; to reply [with supé ‘to someone’]
- to have an issue, matter [with supé ‘with someone’]
- Synonym: poepyk
- to salute; to greet [with supé ‘to someone’]
- to intercede (to plead on someone else's behalf) [with esé ‘for someone’]
- to buzz
- (of animals) to cry
Conjugation
Conjugation of nhe'eng (intransitive, consonant ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)
Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.
| Causative | monhe'eng | |||||
| Causative-comitative | eronhe'eng | |||||
| Deverbals | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ba'e | onhe'engyba'e | |||||
| -sab(a) | nhe'engaba | |||||
| -sar(a) | nhe'engara | |||||
| Singular | Singular & Plural | Plural | ||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person exclusive | 1st person inclusive | 2nd person | |
| Verbal forms | ||||||
| Active | ||||||
| Indicative | anhe'eng | erenhe'eng | onhe'eng | oronhe'eng | îanhe'eng | penhe'eng |
| Permissive | t'anhe'eng | t'erenhe'eng | t'onhe'eng | t'oronhe'eng | t'îanhe'eng | ta penhe'eng |
| Imperative | enhe'eng | penhe'eng | ||||
| Negative indicative | n'anhe'engi | n'erenhe'engi | n'onhe'engi | n'oronhe'engi | n'îanhe'engi | na penhe'engi |
| Negative permissive | t'anhe'eng umẽ | t'erenhe'eng umẽ | t'onhe'eng umẽ | t'oronhe'eng umẽ | t'îanhe'eng umẽ | ta penhe'eng umẽ |
| Negative imperative | enhe'eng umẽ | penhe'eng umẽ | ||||
| Gerund | ||||||
| Affirmative | gûinhe'enga | enhe'enga | onhe'enga | oronhe'enga | îanhe'enga | penhe'enga |
| Negative | gûinhe'enge'yma | enhe'enge'yma | onhe'enge'yma | oronhe'enge'yma | îanhe'enge'yma | penhe'enge'yma |
| Nominal forms | ||||||
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Affirmative | nhe'enga | |||||
| Negative | nhe'enge'yma | |||||
| Circumstantial | ||||||
| Affirmative | xe nhe'engi | i nhe'engi | oré nhe'engi | îandé nhe'engi | ||
| Negative | xe nhe'enge'ymi | i nhe'enge'ymi | oré nhe'enge'ymi | îandé nhe'enge'ymi | ||
Derived terms
- nhe'enga
- nhe'engatã
- nhe'ẽnhe'enga
Descendants
- Nheengatu: nheẽ
- →? Portuguese: nhenhenhém, nhe-nhe-nhem
Etymology 2
Back-formation from nhe'enga (“speech”).
Adjective
nhe'eng (noun form nhe'enga)
- speaking (having the ability of speech)
Declension
Declension of nhe'eng (consonant ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi adjectives)
Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.
| Causative | monhe'eng | |||||
| Deadjectivals | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ba'e | i nhe'engyba'e | |||||
| -sab(a) | nhe'engaba | |||||
| Singular | Singular & Plural | Plural | ||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person exclusive | 1st person inclusive | 2nd person | |
| Adjectival forms | ||||||
| Active | ||||||
| Indicative | xe nhe'eng | nde nhe'eng | i nhe'eng | oré nhe'eng | îandé nhe'eng | pe nhe'eng |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Permissive | ta xe nhe'eng | ta nde nhe'eng | t'i nhe'eng | t'oré nhe'eng | t'îandé nhe'eng | ta pe nhe'eng |
| Negative indicative | na xe nhe'engi | na nde nhe'engi | n'i nhe'engi | n'oré nhe'engi | n'îandé nhe'engi | na pe nhe'engi |
| Negative imperative | nde nhe'eng umẽ | pe nhe'eng umẽ | ||||
| Negative permissive | ta xe nhe'eng umẽ | ta nde nhe'eng umẽ | t'i nhe'eng umẽ | t'oré nhe'eng umẽ | t'îandé nhe'eng umẽ | ta pe nhe'eng umẽ |
| Gerund | ||||||
| Affirmative | xe nhe'engamo | nde nhe'engamo | o nhe'engamo | oré nhe'engamo | îandé nhe'engamo | pe nhe'engamo |
| Negative | xe nhe'enge'ymamo | nde nhe'enge'ymamo | o nhe'enge'ymamo | oré nhe'enge'ymamo | îandé nhe'enge'ymamo | pe nhe'enge'ymamo |
| Nominal forms | ||||||
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Affirmative | nhe'enga | |||||
| Negative | nhe'enge'yma | |||||
| Circumstantial | ||||||
| Affirmative | same as gerund1 | |||||
| xe nhe'engi2 | i nhe'engi2 | oré nhe'engi2 | îandé nhe'engi2 | |||
| Negative | same as gerund1 | |||||
| xe nhe'enge'ymi2 | i nhe'enge'ymi2 | oré nhe'enge'ymi2 | îandé nhe'enge'ymi2 | |||
| 1South Tupi 2North Tupi | ||||||
References
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (1998) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos [Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries][1] (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, published 2005, →ISBN
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “nhe'eng”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 337, column 1
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “nhe'enga”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 337, columns 1–2