Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *pakkainën. Related to Estonian pakane, Ingrian pakkain, Karelian pakkaine, Veps pakaine and Votic pakkain.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːɑnen/, [ˈpɑ̝kːɑ̝ne̞n]
- Rhymes: -ɑkːɑnen
- Syllabification(key): pak‧ka‧nen
- Hyphenation(key): pak‧ka‧nen
Noun
pakkanen
- frost, sub-zero temperature of ambient air
On kymmenen astetta pakkasta.- The temperature is ten degrees below zero.
Pakkanen kiristyy.- It's getting colder. / The frost is getting worse.
Talvella 1985–86 oli Suomessa kovat pakkaset.- The winter of 1985–86 was very cold in Finland.
- (colloquial) in the red (in adessive case)
Yhtiön tulos on vahvasti pakkasella.- The company is heavily in the red.
- (colloquial, with locative cases) freezer
Pistä se pakkaseen.- Put it in the freezer.
Declension
| Inflection of pakkanen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
|
| nominative
|
pakkanen
|
pakkaset
|
| genitive
|
pakkasen
|
pakkasten
pakkasien
|
| partitive
|
pakkasta
|
pakkasia
|
| illative
|
pakkaseen
|
pakkasiin
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pakkanen
|
pakkaset
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pakkanen
|
pakkaset
|
| gen.
|
pakkasen
|
| genitive
|
pakkasen
|
pakkasten
pakkasien
|
| partitive
|
pakkasta
|
pakkasia
|
| inessive
|
pakkasessa
|
pakkasissa
|
| elative
|
pakkasesta
|
pakkasista
|
| illative
|
pakkaseen
|
pakkasiin
|
| adessive
|
pakkasella
|
pakkasilla
|
| ablative
|
pakkaselta
|
pakkasilta
|
| allative
|
pakkaselle
|
pakkasille
|
| essive
|
pakkasena
|
pakkasina
|
| translative
|
pakkaseksi
|
pakkasiksi
|
| abessive
|
pakkasetta
|
pakkasitta
|
| instructive
|
—
|
pakkasin
|
| comitative
|
See the possessive forms below.
|
| first-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pakkaseni
|
pakkaseni
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pakkaseni
|
pakkaseni
|
| gen.
|
pakkaseni
|
| genitive
|
pakkaseni
|
pakkasteni
pakkasieni
|
| partitive
|
pakkastani
|
pakkasiani
|
| inessive
|
pakkasessani
|
pakkasissani
|
| elative
|
pakkasestani
|
pakkasistani
|
| illative
|
pakkaseeni
|
pakkasiini
|
| adessive
|
pakkasellani
|
pakkasillani
|
| ablative
|
pakkaseltani
|
pakkasiltani
|
| allative
|
pakkaselleni
|
pakkasilleni
|
| essive
|
pakkasenani
|
pakkasinani
|
| translative
|
pakkasekseni
|
pakkasikseni
|
| abessive
|
pakkasettani
|
pakkasittani
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pakkasineni
|
| second-person singular possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pakkasesi
|
pakkasesi
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pakkasesi
|
pakkasesi
|
| gen.
|
pakkasesi
|
| genitive
|
pakkasesi
|
pakkastesi
pakkasiesi
|
| partitive
|
pakkastasi
|
pakkasiasi
|
| inessive
|
pakkasessasi
|
pakkasissasi
|
| elative
|
pakkasestasi
|
pakkasistasi
|
| illative
|
pakkaseesi
|
pakkasiisi
|
| adessive
|
pakkasellasi
|
pakkasillasi
|
| ablative
|
pakkaseltasi
|
pakkasiltasi
|
| allative
|
pakkasellesi
|
pakkasillesi
|
| essive
|
pakkasenasi
|
pakkasinasi
|
| translative
|
pakkaseksesi
|
pakkasiksesi
|
| abessive
|
pakkasettasi
|
pakkasittasi
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pakkasinesi
|
| first-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pakkasemme
|
pakkasemme
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pakkasemme
|
pakkasemme
|
| gen.
|
pakkasemme
|
| genitive
|
pakkasemme
|
pakkastemme
pakkasiemme
|
| partitive
|
pakkastamme
|
pakkasiamme
|
| inessive
|
pakkasessamme
|
pakkasissamme
|
| elative
|
pakkasestamme
|
pakkasistamme
|
| illative
|
pakkaseemme
|
pakkasiimme
|
| adessive
|
pakkasellamme
|
pakkasillamme
|
| ablative
|
pakkaseltamme
|
pakkasiltamme
|
| allative
|
pakkasellemme
|
pakkasillemme
|
| essive
|
pakkasenamme
|
pakkasinamme
|
| translative
|
pakkaseksemme
|
pakkasiksemme
|
| abessive
|
pakkasettamme
|
pakkasittamme
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pakkasinemme
|
| second-person plural possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pakkasenne
|
pakkasenne
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pakkasenne
|
pakkasenne
|
| gen.
|
pakkasenne
|
| genitive
|
pakkasenne
|
pakkastenne
pakkasienne
|
| partitive
|
pakkastanne
|
pakkasianne
|
| inessive
|
pakkasessanne
|
pakkasissanne
|
| elative
|
pakkasestanne
|
pakkasistanne
|
| illative
|
pakkaseenne
|
pakkasiinne
|
| adessive
|
pakkasellanne
|
pakkasillanne
|
| ablative
|
pakkaseltanne
|
pakkasiltanne
|
| allative
|
pakkasellenne
|
pakkasillenne
|
| essive
|
pakkasenanne
|
pakkasinanne
|
| translative
|
pakkaseksenne
|
pakkasiksenne
|
| abessive
|
pakkasettanne
|
pakkasittanne
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pakkasinenne
|
| third-person possessor
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
pakkasensa
|
pakkasensa
|
| accusative
|
nom.
|
pakkasensa
|
pakkasensa
|
| gen.
|
pakkasensa
|
| genitive
|
pakkasensa
|
pakkastensa
pakkasiensa
|
| partitive
|
pakkastaan
pakkastansa
|
pakkasiaan
pakkasiansa
|
| inessive
|
pakkasessaan
pakkasessansa
|
pakkasissaan
pakkasissansa
|
| elative
|
pakkasestaan
pakkasestansa
|
pakkasistaan
pakkasistansa
|
| illative
|
pakkaseensa
|
pakkasiinsa
|
| adessive
|
pakkasellaan
pakkasellansa
|
pakkasillaan
pakkasillansa
|
| ablative
|
pakkaseltaan
pakkaseltansa
|
pakkasiltaan
pakkasiltansa
|
| allative
|
pakkaselleen
pakkasellensa
|
pakkasilleen
pakkasillensa
|
| essive
|
pakkasenaan
pakkasenansa
|
pakkasinaan
pakkasinansa
|
| translative
|
pakkasekseen
pakkaseksensa
|
pakkasikseen
pakkasiksensa
|
| abessive
|
pakkasettaan
pakkasettansa
|
pakkasittaan
pakkasittansa
|
| instructive
|
—
|
—
|
| comitative
|
— |
pakkasineen
pakkasinensa
|
|
Derived terms
Further reading