Egyptian
Etymology
s- (causative prefix) + šwj (“to be empty, devoid”).
Pronunciation
Verb
caus. 3ae inf.
- (transitive) to deprive (someone) (+ m: of (something)) [Old Kingdom]
- (transitive) to empty (a container) [New Kingdom and Greco-Roman Period]
- (transitive) to unload (a ship) [New Kingdom and Greco-Roman Period]
- (transitive) to unload (goods) (+ m: from (a ship)) [New Kingdom and Greco-Roman Period]
- (transitive) to empty in the abstract sense, to make devoid or free (+ m: of (a quality, typically a negative one)) [Greco-Roman Period]
- (transitive) to lose (something) by theft [18th Dynasty]
Inflection
Conjugation of sšwj (causative third weak / caus. 3ae inf. / caus. III. inf.) — base stem: sšw, geminated stem: sšww
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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sšwt, sšwj
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sšww, sšw
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sšwt, sšwwt, sšwyt
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sšw
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sšw, sšwy
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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sšw
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ḥr sšwt, ḥr sšwj
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m sšwt, m sšwj
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r sšwt, r sšwj
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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sšw.n
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sšww, sšw, sšwy
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consecutive
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sšw.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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sšwt
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| perfective3
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sšw
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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sšw.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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sšw, sšwy
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
|
sšww, sšw, sšwy
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sšww, sšw, sšwy
|
potentialis1
|
sšw.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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sšw, sšwy
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
|
active
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passive
|
| perfect
|
sšw.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
|
—
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| perfective
|
sšww1, sšwy, sšw
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sšw
|
sšwy, sšw
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| imperfective
|
sšww, sšwwy, sšwww5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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sšww, sšwwj6, sšwwy6
|
sšww, sšwww5
|
| prospective
|
sšww1, sšwy, sšw, sšwtj7
|
—
|
sšwwtj1 4, sšwtj4, sšwt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sšwj
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| sšwj
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sšwj
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sšwj
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šwj
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šwj
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šwj
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sšwj
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šwj
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| [Old Kingdom]
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[New Kingdom]
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[New Kingdom]
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[New Kingdom]
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[New Kingdom]
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[New Kingdom]
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[Greco-Roman Period]
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[Greco-Roman Period]
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in hieratic
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in Late Egyptian texts
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in Late Egyptian texts
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in Late Egyptian texts
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Starting in Late Egyptian, this word is not always distinguished from its non-causative source šwj (“to be empty”).
Descendants
- Coptic: ϣⲟⲩⲟ (šouo), ϣⲟⲩⲱ⸗ (šouō⸗)
References
- “sšwi̯ (lemma ID 144810)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 282.1–282.4, 428.1–428.2
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 247