Egyptian
Etymology
s- (causative prefix) + ꜥnḫ (“to live”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈsaʕnaχ/ → /ˈsaʕnaχ/ → /ˈsaʕnəχ/ → /ˈsaʕnəχ/
Verb
caus. 3-lit.
- (transitive) to make live, to vivify, to give life or keep alive
- (transitive) to feed, to nourish
Inflection
Conjugation of sꜥnḫ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: sꜥnḫ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sꜥnḫ
|
sꜥnḫw, sꜥnḫ
|
sꜥnḫt
|
sꜥnḫ
|
sꜥnḫ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sꜥnḫ
|
ḥr sꜥnḫ
|
m sꜥnḫ
|
r sꜥnḫ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sꜥnḫ.n
|
sꜥnḫw, sꜥnḫ
|
consecutive
|
sꜥnḫ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sꜥnḫt
|
| perfective3
|
sꜥnḫ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sꜥnḫ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sꜥnḫ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sꜥnḫw, sꜥnḫ, sꜥnḫy
|
sꜥnḫw, sꜥnḫ, sꜥnḫy
|
potentialis1
|
sꜥnḫ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sꜥnḫ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sꜥnḫ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sꜥnḫ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sꜥnḫ
|
sꜥnḫ, sꜥnḫw5, sꜥnḫy5
|
| imperfective
|
sꜥnḫ, sꜥnḫy, sꜥnḫw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sꜥnḫ, sꜥnḫj6, sꜥnḫy6
|
sꜥnḫ, sꜥnḫw5
|
| prospective
|
sꜥnḫ, sꜥnḫtj7
|
—
|
sꜥnḫwtj1 4, sꜥnḫtj4, sꜥnḫt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Descendants
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲛⳉ (sanx)
- Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲁⲛϣ (šanš)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲏⲛϣ (šēnš)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲁⲛⲉϣ (saneš)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲁⲛϣ (saanš)
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 158, 214.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 113