Egyptian
Etymology
s- (causative prefix) + hꜣj (“to descend”).
Pronunciation
Verb
caus. 3ae inf.
- (transitive) to cause to descend, to bring down
Inflection
Conjugation of shꜣj (causative third weak / caus. 3ae inf. / caus. III. inf.) — base stem: shꜣ, geminated stem: shꜣꜣ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
shꜣt, shꜣj
|
shꜣw, shꜣ
|
shꜣt, shꜣwt, shꜣyt
|
shꜣ
|
shꜣ, shꜣy
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
shꜣ
|
ḥr shꜣt, ḥr shꜣj
|
m shꜣt, m shꜣj
|
r shꜣt, r shꜣj
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
shꜣ.n
|
shꜣw, shꜣ, shꜣy
|
consecutive
|
shꜣ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
shꜣt
|
| perfective3
|
shꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
shꜣ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
shꜣ, shꜣy
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
shꜣw, shꜣ, shꜣy
|
shꜣw, shꜣ, shꜣy
|
potentialis1
|
shꜣ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
shꜣ, shꜣy
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
shꜣ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
shꜣw1, shꜣy, shꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
shꜣ
|
shꜣy, shꜣ
|
| imperfective
|
shꜣꜣ, shꜣꜣy, shꜣꜣw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
shꜣꜣ, shꜣꜣj6, shꜣꜣy6
|
shꜣꜣ, shꜣꜣw5
|
| prospective
|
shꜣw1, shꜣy, shꜣ, shꜣtj7
|
—
|
shꜣwtj1 4, shꜣtj4, shꜣt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 259.