turma

Probably from a pre-Roman root.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈtur.mə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈtuɾ.ma]

turma f (plural turmes)

1. animal testicle

• testicle

• “turma”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] (compare Icelandic tyrma (“to overwhelm”)), although disputed by LÄGLOS on the grounds that the Germanic word only has a narrow distribution and thus may not be that old.^[1] Related to Livvi turmu.

• IPA^(key): /ˈturmɑ/, [ˈt̪urmɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -urmɑ
• Syllabification^(key): tur‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): tur‧ma

turma

1. accident, especially one with casualties (dead or injured)
2. (poetic) ruin, destruction

• “turma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

• murat, rumat

Probably related to turba.^[1]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈtʊr.ma]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈt̪ur.ma]

turma f (genitive turmae); first declension

1. a troop, squadron of cavalry, team
2. (in general) a troop, crowd, company, throng, band, body

First-declension noun.

• turmālis
• turmāriī
• turmātim

• “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “turma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "turma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• turma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “turma”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “turma”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Borrowed from German Turm, from Middle High German turn, turm, from Old High German torn, from Old French, from Latin turris. Doublet of turnia.

• IPA^(key): /ˈtur.ma/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -urma
• Syllabification: tur‧ma

turma f

1. (archaic) prison

   Synonyms: więzienie, ciupa

• turma in Polish dictionaries at PWN

From Latin turma (“crowd, company”), perhaps a borrowing. Compare Italian torma.

turma f (plural turmas)

1. a group of people
2. gang (number of friends)
3. class (group of students who commenced or completed their education during a particular year)
   • 2006, Editora Sinodal, Celebrar Natal em família e comunidade, →ISBN, page 32:

     Participar de um amigo secreto realmente é bastante divertido, principalmente quando a turma é animada. Porém, no final da brincadeira, ganhar algo que não agrada pode ser decepcionante.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

• “turma”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
• “turma”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

• IPA^(key): /ˈtur.ma/
• Rhymes: -urma
• Hyphenation: tur‧ma

turma

1. definite nominative/accusative singular of turmă (“herd”)

• IPA^(key): /ˈtuɾma/ [ˈt̪uɾ.ma]
• Rhymes: -uɾma
• Syllabification: tur‧ma

turma f (plural turmas)

1. testicle
2. a kind of potato

• “turma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024