How do I change permissions for a folder and its subfolders/files?

Question

How do I change the permissions of a folder and all its subfolders and files?

This only applies to the /opt/lampp/htdocs folder, not its contents:

chmod 775 /opt/lampp/htdocs

How do I set chmod 755 for all of the /opt/lampp/htdocs folder's current contents, as well as automatically in the future for new folders/files created under it?

Answer 1

The other answers are correct, in that chmod -R 755 will set these permissions to all files and subfolders in the tree. But why on earth would you want to? It might make sense for the directories, but why set the execute bit on all the files?

I suspect what you really want to do is set the directories to 755 and either leave the files alone or set them to 644. For this, you can use the find command. For example:

To change all the directories to 755 (drwxr-xr-x):

find /opt/lampp/htdocs -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;

To change all the files to 644 (-rw-r--r--):

find /opt/lampp/htdocs -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;

Some splainin': ^{(thanks @tobbez)}

• chmod 755 {} specifies the command that will be executed by find for each directory
• chmod 644 {} specifies the command that will be executed by find for each file
• {} is replaced by the path
• ; the semicolon tells find that this is the end of the command it's supposed to execute
• \; the semicolon is escaped, otherwise it would be interpreted by the shell instead of find

Answer 2

Check the -R option

chmod -R <permissionsettings> <dirname>

In the future, you can save a lot of time by checking the man page first:

man <command name>

So in this case:

man chmod

Answer 3

If you want to set permissions on all files to a+r, and all directories to a+x, and do that recursively through the complete subdirectory tree, use:

chmod -R a+rX *

The X (that is capital X, not small x!) is ignored for files (unless they are executable for someone already) but is used for directories.

Answer 4

You can use -R with chmod for recursive traversal of all files and subfolders.

You might need sudo as it depends on LAMP being installed by the current user or another one:

sudo chmod -R 755 /opt/lampp/htdocs

Answer 5

The correct recursive command is:

sudo chmod -R 755 /opt/lampp/htdocs

-R: change every sub folder including the current folder

Answer 6

To set to all subfolders (recursively) use -R

chmod 755 /folder -R

Answer 7

chmod 755 -R /opt/lampp/htdocs will recursively set the permissions. There's no way to set the permissions for files automatically in only this directory that are created after you set the permissions, but you could change your system-wide default file permissions with by setting umask 022.

Answer 8

You might want to consider this answer given by nik on Super User and use "one chmod" for all files/folders like this:

chmod 755 $(find /path/to/base/dir -type d)
chmod 644 $(find /path/to/base/dir -type f)

Answer 9

Here's another way to set directories to 775 and files to 664.

find /opt/lampp/htdocs \
\( -type f -exec chmod ug+rw,o+r {} \; \) , \
\( -type d -exec chmod ug+rwxs,o+rx {} \; \)

It may look long, but it's pretty cool for three reasons:

1. Scans through the file system only once rather than twice.
2. Provides better control over how files are handled vs. how directories are handled. This is useful when working with special modes such as the sticky bit, which you probably want to apply to directories but not files.
3. Uses a technique straight out of the man pages (see below).

Note that I have not confirmed the performance difference (if any) between this solution and that of simply using two find commands (as in Peter Mortensen's solution). However, seeing a similar example in the manual is encouraging.

Example from man find page:

find / \
\( -perm -4000 -fprintf /root/suid.txt %#m %u %p\n \) , \
\( -size +100M -fprintf /root/big.txt %-10s %p\n \)

Traverse the filesystem just once, listing setuid files and direct‐
tories into /root/suid.txt and large files into /root/big.txt.

Answer 10

Use:

sudo chmod 755 -R /whatever/your/directory/is

However, be careful with that. It can really hurt you if you change the permissions of the wrong files/folders.

Answer 11

chmod -R 755 directory_name works, but how would you keep new files to 755 also? The file's permissions becomes the default permission.

Answer 12

For Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), it is:

chmod -R 755 /directory

And yes, as all other say, be careful when doing this.

Answer 13

There are two answers to finding files and applying chmod to them.

The first one is find the file and apply chmod as it finds (as suggested by @WombleGoneBad).

find /opt/lampp/htdocs -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;

The second solution is to generate a list of all files with the find command and supply this list to the chmod command (as suggested by @lamgesh).

chmod 755 $(find /path/to/base/dir -type d)

Both of these versions work nicely as long as the number of files returned by the find command is small. The second solution looks great to the eye and is more readable than the first one. If there are a large number of files, the second solution returns an error: Argument list too long.

So my suggestion is

1. Use chmod -R 755 /opt/lampp/htdocs if you want to change the permissions of all files and directories at once.
2. Use find /opt/lampp/htdocs -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \; if the number of files you are using is very large. The -type x option searches for a specific type of file only, where d is used for finding the directory, f for file and l for link.
3. Use chmod 755 $(find /path/to/base/dir -type d) otherwise
4. Better to use the first one in any situation

Answer 14

For anyone still struggling with permission issues, navigate up one directory level cd .. from the root directory of your project, add yourself (user) to the directory and give permission to edit everything inside (tested on macOS).

To do that you would run this command (preferred):

sudo chown -R username: foldername .*

Note: for currently unsaved changes, one might need to restart the code editor first to be able to save without being asked for a password.

Also, please remember you can press Tab to see the options while typing the username and folder to make it easier for yourself.

---

Or simply:

sudo chmod -R 755 foldername

but as mentioned above, you need to be careful with the second method.

Answer 15

You want to make sure that appropriate files and directories are chmod-ed/permissions for those are appropriate. For all directories you want

find /opt/lampp/htdocs -type d -exec chmod 711 {} \;

And for all the images, JavaScript, CSS, HTML...well, you shouldn't execute them. So use

chmod 644 img/* js/* html/*

But for all the logic code (for instance PHP code), you should set permissions such that the user can't see that code:

chmod 600 file

Answer 16

I think Adam was asking how to change the umask value for all processes that are trying to operate on the /opt/lampp/htdocs directory.

The user file-creation mode mask (umask) is used to determine the file permissions for newly created files. It can be used to control the default file permissions for new files.

so if you will use some kind of FTP program to upload files into /opt/lampp/htdocs you need to configure your FTP server to use the umask you want.

If files / directories need be created, for example, by PHP, you need to modify the PHP code:

<?php
    umask(0022);
    // Other code
?>

If you will create new files / folders from your Bash session, you can set umask value in your shell profile ~/.bashrc file.

Or you can set up a umask in /etc/bashrc or /etc/profile file for all users.

Add the following to the file:

umask 022

Sample umask Values and File Creation Permissions
If umask value set to    User permission     Group permission     Others permission
000                            all                 all                   all
007                            all                 all                   none
027                            all             read / execute               none

And to change permissions for already created files, you can use find.

Answer 17

You can change permissions by using the following command:

sudo chmod go+rwx /opt/lampp/htdocs

Answer 18

It's very simple.

In Terminal, go to the file manager. Example: sudo nemo. Go to /opt/, and then click Properties → Permission. And then Other. Finally, change to create and delete and file access to read and write and click on button Apply... And it works.

Answer 19

Use:

sudo chmod -R a=-x,u=rwX,g=,o= folder

Owner rw, others no access, and directory with rwx. This will clear the existing 'x' on files.

The symbolic chmod calculation is explained in Chmod 744.