Merge two dataframes by index

Question

I have the following dataframes:

> df1
  id  begin conditional confidence discoveryTechnique  
0 278    56       false        0.0                  1   
1 421    18       false        0.0                  1 

> df2
   concept 
0  A  
1  B

How do I merge on the indices to get:

  id  begin conditional confidence discoveryTechnique concept 
0 278    56       false        0.0                  1       A 
1 421    18       false        0.0                  1       B

I ask because it is my understanding that merge() i.e. df1.merge(df2) uses columns to do the matching. In fact, doing this I get:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pandas/core/frame.py", line 4618, in merge
    copy=copy, indicator=indicator)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pandas/tools/merge.py", line 58, in merge
    copy=copy, indicator=indicator)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pandas/tools/merge.py", line 491, in __init__
    self._validate_specification()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pandas/tools/merge.py", line 812, in _validate_specification
    raise MergeError('No common columns to perform merge on')
pandas.tools.merge.MergeError: No common columns to perform merge on

Is it bad practice to merge on index? Is it impossible? If so, how can I shift the index into a new column called "index"?

What if you want to join by the index of one dataframe and a column of the second dataframe. (My second dataframe has a column that matches up with the indeces in the first df.) — mikey, Jun 15 '20 at 17:32

score 627 · Accepted Answer · edited Jan 30 '23 at 11:28

Use merge, which is an inner join by default:

pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True)

Or join, which is a left join by default:

df1.join(df2)

Or concat, which is an outer join by default:

pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)

Samples:

df1 = pd.DataFrame({'a':range(6),
                    'b':[5,3,6,9,2,4]}, index=list('abcdef'))

print (df1)
   a  b
a  0  5
b  1  3
c  2  6
d  3  9
e  4  2
f  5  4

df2 = pd.DataFrame({'c':range(4),
                    'd':[10,20,30, 40]}, index=list('abhi'))

print (df2)
   c   d
a  0  10
b  1  20
h  2  30
i  3  40

# Default inner join
df3 = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True)
print (df3)
   a  b  c   d
a  0  5  0  10
b  1  3  1  20

# Default left join
df4 = df1.join(df2)
print (df4)
   a  b    c     d
a  0  5  0.0  10.0
b  1  3  1.0  20.0
c  2  6  NaN   NaN
d  3  9  NaN   NaN
e  4  2  NaN   NaN
f  5  4  NaN   NaN

# Default outer join
df5 = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)
print (df5)
     a    b    c     d
a  0.0  5.0  0.0  10.0
b  1.0  3.0  1.0  20.0
c  2.0  6.0  NaN   NaN
d  3.0  9.0  NaN   NaN
e  4.0  2.0  NaN   NaN
f  5.0  4.0  NaN   NaN
h  NaN  NaN  2.0  30.0
i  NaN  NaN  3.0  40.0

score 47 · Answer 2 · edited Jul 24 '21 at 12:51

You can use concat([df1, df2, ...], axis=1) in order to concatenate two or more DFs aligned by indexes:

pd.concat([df1, df2, df3, ...], axis=1)

Or merge for concatenating by custom fields / indexes:

# join by _common_ columns: `col1`, `col3`
pd.merge(df1, df2, on=['col1','col3'])

# join by: `df1.col1 == df2.index`
pd.merge(df1, df2, left_on='col1' right_index=True)

or join for joining by index:

 df1.join(df2)

score 15 · Answer 3 · edited Jan 17 '20 at 12:40

15

By default:
join is a column-wise left join
pd.merge is a column-wise inner join
pd.concat is a row-wise outer join

pd.concat:
takes Iterable arguments. Thus, it cannot take DataFrames directly (use [df,df2])
Dimensions of DataFrame should match along axis

Join and pd.merge:
can take DataFrame arguments

edited Jan 17 '20 at 12:40

nucsit026

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answered Jul 26 '19 at 03:06

vicpal

199
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cs95 · Answer 4 · 2023-04-13T20:21:53.427

This answer has been resolved for a while and all the available options are already out there. However in this answer I'll attempt to shed a bit more light on these options to help you understand when to use what.

This post will go through the following topics:

Merging with index under different conditions
- options for index-based joins: merge, join, concat
- merging on indexes
- merging on index of one, column of other
effectively using named indexes to simplify merging syntax

Index-based joins

TL;DR

There are a few options, some simpler than others depending on the use case.

DataFrame.merge with left_index and right_index (or left_on and right_on using named indexes)

DataFrame.join (joins on index)

pd.concat (joins on index)

	PROS	CONS
`merge`	• supports inner/left/right/full • supports column-column, index-column, index-index joins	• can only join two frames at a time
`join`	• supports inner/left (default)/right/full • can join multiple DataFrames at a time	• only supports index-index joins
`concat`	• specializes in joining multiple DataFrames at a time • very fast (concatenation is linear time)	• only supports inner/full (default) joins • only supports index-index joins

Index to index joins

Typically, an inner join on index would look like this:

left.merge(right, left_index=True, right_index=True)

Other types of joins (left, right, outer) follow similar syntax (and can be controlled using how=...).

Notable Alternatives

DataFrame.join defaults to a left outer join on the index.
```
 left.join(right, how='inner',)
```
If you happen to get ValueError: columns overlap but no suffix specified, you will need to specify lsuffix and rsuffix= arguments to resolve this. Since the column names are same, a differentiating suffix is required.
pd.concat joins on the index and can join two or more DataFrames at once. It does a full outer join by default.
```
 pd.concat([left, right], axis=1, sort=False)
```
For more information on concat, see this post.

Index to Column joins

To perform an inner join using index of left, column of right, you will use DataFrame.merge a combination of left_index=True and right_on=....

left.merge(right, left_index=True, right_on='key')

Other joins follow a similar structure. Note that only merge can perform index to column joins. You can join on multiple levels/columns, provided the number of index levels on the left equals the number of columns on the right.

join and concat are not capable of mixed merges. You will need to set the index as a pre-step using DataFrame.set_index.

^{This post is an abridged version of my work in Pandas Merging 101. Please follow this link for more examples and other topics on merging.}

score 13 · Answer 5 · edited Jul 24 '21 at 12:55

13

A silly bug that got me: the joins failed because index dtypes differed. This was not obvious as both tables were pivot tables of the same original table. After reset_index, the indices looked identical in Jupyter. It only came to light when saving to Excel...

I fixed it with: df1[['key']] = df1[['key']].apply(pd.to_numeric)

Hopefully this saves somebody an hour!

edited Jul 24 '21 at 12:55

Peter Mortensen

30,738
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answered Aug 27 '18 at 11:02

Stephen Morrell

1,111
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score 7 · Answer 6 · edited Jul 24 '21 at 12:55

7

If you want to join two dataframes in Pandas, you can simply use available attributes like merge or concatenate.

For example, if I have two dataframes df1 and df2, I can join them by:

newdataframe = merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True)

edited Jul 24 '21 at 12:55

Peter Mortensen

30,738
21
105
131

answered Aug 25 '18 at 06:35

vignesh babu

334
3
8

This answer was already provided 2 years ago by jezrael. Why are you posting the same answer? – Sheldore Sep 08 '22 at 15:22

score 6 · Answer 7 · answered Dec 09 '21 at 09:39

You can try these few ways to merge/join your dataframe.

merge (inner join by default)

df = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True)
join (left join by default)

df = df1.join(df2)
concat (outer join by default)

df = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)

Merge two dataframes by index

7 Answers7

Index-based joins

TL;DR

Index to index joins

Index to Column joins

Linked

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