κλάδος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Hellenic *klə́dos, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥d-o-s (“piece of wood”), which is traditionally linked to *kelh₂- (“to break”). Often compared with Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”) and Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood”). Beekes is skeptical enough of Indo-European origin and particularly the connection of the reconstructed root to *kelh₂- to suggest a Pre-Greek origin, though not skeptical enough to reject an Indo-European origin entirely.[1]

Other potential cognates include Latin clādes, Old Irish caill, Macedonian клада (klada).

Pronunciation

 

Noun

κλᾰ́δος • (klắdos) m (genitive κλᾰ́δου); second declension

  1. (botany) young slip or shoot of a tree, such as is broken off for grafting
  2. olive-branch which was wound round with wool and presented by suppliants
  3. laurel branches used in temples
  4. (anatomy) branch of a blood vessel
  5. (figuratively) arm

Inflection

The second declension is much more common, but the third is seen, especially in poetic works.

Second declension of ὁ κλᾰ́δος; τοῦ κλᾰ́δου (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὁ κλᾰ́δος
ho klắdos 		τὼ κλᾰ́δω
tṑ klắdō 		οἱ κλᾰ́δοι
hoi klắdoi
Genitive τοῦ κλᾰ́δου
toû klắdou 		τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν
toîn klắdoin 		τῶν κλᾰ́δων
tôn klắdōn
Dative τῷ κλᾰ́δῳ
tōî klắdōi 		τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν
toîn klắdoin 		τοῖς κλᾰ́δοις
toîs klắdois
Accusative τὸν κλᾰ́δον
tòn klắdon 		τὼ κλᾰ́δω
tṑ klắdō 		τοὺς κλᾰ́δους
toùs klắdous
Vocative κλᾰ́δε
klắde 		κλᾰ́δω
klắdō 		κλᾰ́δοι
klắdoi
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
Third declension of ὁ κλᾰ́δος; τοῦ κλᾰδός (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὁ κλᾰ́δος
ho klắdos 		τὼ κλᾰ́δε
tṑ klắde 		οἱ κλᾰ́δες
hoi klắdes
Genitive τοῦ κλᾰδός
toû klădós 		τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν
toîn klădoîn 		τῶν κλᾰδῶν
tôn klădôn
Dative τῷ κλᾰδῐ́
tōî klădĭ́ 		τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν
toîn klădoîn 		τοῖς κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰσῐ́ν
toîs klăsĭ́(n)
Accusative τὸν κλᾰ́δᾰ
tòn klắdă 		τὼ κλᾰ́δε
tṑ klắde 		τοὺς κλᾰ́δᾰς
toùs klắdăs
Vocative κλᾰ́δος
klắdos 		κλᾰ́δε
klắde 		κλᾰ́δες
klắdes
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
  • Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster *-ds.
Third declension of κλᾰ́δος; κλᾰδός (Epic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative κλᾰ́δος
klắdos 		κλᾰ́δε
klắde 		κλᾰ́δες
klắdes
Genitive κλᾰδός
klădós 		κλᾰδοῖν / κλᾰδοῖῐν
klădoî(ĭ)n 		κλᾰδῶν / κλᾰδέων
klădôn / klădéōn
Dative κλᾰδῐ́
klădĭ́ 		κλᾰδοῖν / κλᾰδοῖῐν
klădoî(ĭ)n 		κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰ́δεσσῐ / κλᾰ́δεσῐ / κλᾰδέεσσῐ
klăsĭ́ / klắdessĭ / klắdesĭ / klădéessĭ
Accusative κλᾰ́δᾰ
klắdă 		κλᾰ́δε
klắde 		κλᾰ́δᾰς
klắdăs
Vocative κλᾰ́δος
klắdos 		κλᾰ́δε
klắde 		κλᾰ́δες
klắdes
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

  • κλαδεία (kladeía)
  • κλαδεύματα (kladeúmata)
  • κλάδευσις (kládeusis)
  • κλαδευτέον (kladeutéon)
  • κλαδευτήριον (kladeutḗrion)
  • κλαδευτής (kladeutḗs)
  • κλαδέω (kladéō)
  • κλαδεών (kladeṓn)
  • κλαδηφορέω (kladēphoréō)
  • κλαδηφόρος (kladēphóros)
  • κλάδινος (kládinos)
  • κλάδιον (kládion)
  • κλαδίσκος (kladískos)
  • κλαδοειδής (kladoeidḗs)
  • κλαδοτομέω (kladotoméō)
  • κλαδοτομία (kladotomía)
  • κλαδώδης (kladṓdēs)
  • κλαδών (kladṓn)
  • ὀλιγόκλαδος (oligóklados)
  • πολύκλαδος (polúklados)

Descendants

  • → English: clade
  • → Greek: κλάδος (kládos) (learned)
  • → New Latin: cladus

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλάδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 708-9

Further reading

Greek

Etymology

Learnedly, borrowed from the Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos). The figurative and scientific senses, semantic loan from French branche and rameau.[1] Also see the inherited doublets κλαδί (kladí) and κλαρί (klarí). Possibly related to ὀκλαδόν (okladón).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
  • Hyphenation: κλά‧δος

Noun

κλάδος • (kládos) m (plural κλάδοι)

  1. (horticulture, formal) branch, bough
    Synonyms: κλαδί (kladí), κλαρί (klarí) (informal)
    Όλοι οι μεγάλοι κλάδοι που καταστρέφουν το σχήμα του δέντρου αφαιρούνται.
    Óloi oi megáloi kládoi pou katastréfoun to schíma tou déntrou afairoúntai.
    All the large branches that destroy the shape of the tree are removed.
  2. (figuratively) branch of organisation
  3. (biology) clade
  4. (domain) industry
    Ο τουριστικός κλάδος θα χρειαστεί χρόνο για να ανακάμψει.
    O touristikós kládos tha chreiasteí chróno gia na anakámpsei.
    The tourism industry will need time to recover.

Declension

Declension of κλάδος
singular plural
nominative κλάδος (kládos) κλάδοι (kládoi)
genitive κλάδου (kládou) κλάδων (kládon)
accusative κλάδο (kládo) κλάδους (kládous)
vocative κλάδε (kláde) κλάδοι (kládoi)
  • ακλάδευτος (akládeftos, “unpruned”)
  • άκλαδος (áklados, “unbranched; untrimmed”)
  • ακλάδωτος (akládotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
  • ακλάρωτος (aklárotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
  • ανακλαδίζομαι (anakladízomai, “stretch, squat”)
  • ανακλάδισμα n (anakládisma, “stretch”)
  • διακλάδωση f (diakládosi, “division in branches”)
  • δικακλαδίζομαι (dikakladízomai, “divide in branches”)
  • κλάδα f (kláda, “large branch”)
  • κλαδάκι (kladáki, “twig, twiglet”, adjective)
  • κλάδεμα n (kládema, “pruning”)
  • κλάδευμα n (kládevma, “pruning”)
  • κλαδευτήρα f (kladeftíra, “pruning knife, bill-hook”)
  • κλαδευτήρι n (kladeftíri, “secateurs, loppers”)
  • κλαδευτής m (kladeftís, “pruner”)
  • κλαδεύω (kladévo, “I prune”)
  • κλαδί n (kladí, “branch, twig”)
  • κλαδικός (kladikós, “cladic, sectoral”, adjective)
  • κλαδώνω (kladóno, “to branch”)
  • κλαδωτός (kladotós, “appliqued, sprigged”, adjective)
  • κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
  • κυκλαδικός (kykladikós, “cycladic”)
  • ματόκλαδο n (matóklado, “eyelash”)
  • μετά βαΐων και κλάδων (metá vaḯon kai kládon)
  • ξερόκλαδο n (xeróklado, “dead branch”)
  • παρακλάδι n (parakládi, “offshoot”)
  • περικοκλάδα f (perikokláda, “bindweed”)
  • πολυκλαδικός (polykladikós, “multidisciplinary, multibranched”)
  • χαμόκλαδο n (chamóklado, “understorey, undergrowth”)
  • and see: κλαδεύω (kladévo, “to prune”) and κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)

References

  1. ^ κλάδος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
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