caill

Irish

Pronunciation

(Munster) IPA^(key): /kailʲ/
(Galway) IPA^(key): /kɑːl̠ʲ/
(Mayo, Ulster) IPA^(key): /kal̠ʲ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish coillid (“destroys”), from coll (“destruction”), from Proto-Celtic *koldom (compare Welsh coll (“defect, loss”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂-d- (“strike, cut”) (compare Old English healtian (“limp”)).

Verb

caill (present analytic cailleann, future analytic caillfidh, verbal noun cailleadh, past participle caillte)

lose
(euphemistic, in autonomous forms) die
Synonyms: básaigh, éag, faigh bás, síothlaigh

Cailleadh sa chogadh é
He died in the war (literally “He was lost in the war”)

Conjugation

conjugation of caill (first conjugation – A)

tense	singular			plural			relative	autonomous
verbal noun	cailleadh
past participle	caillte
tense	first	second	third	first	second	third	relative	autonomous
indicative
present	caillim	cailleann tú; caillir^†	cailleann sé, sí	caillimid	cailleann sibh	cailleann siad; caillid^†	a chailleann; a chailleas / a gcailleann*	cailltear
past	chaill mé; chailleas	chaill tú; chaillis	chaill sé, sí	chailleamar; chaill muid	chaill sibh; chailleabhair	chaill siad; chailleadar	a chaill / ar chaill*	cailleadh
past habitual	chaillinn / gcaillinn‡‡	chaillteá / gcaillteá‡‡	chailleadh sé, sí / gcailleadh sé, sí‡‡	chaillimis; chailleadh muid / gcaillimis‡‡; gcailleadh muid‡‡	chailleadh sibh / gcailleadh sibh‡‡	chaillidís; chailleadh siad / gcaillidís‡‡; gcailleadh siad‡‡	a chailleadh / a gcailleadh*	chailltí / gcailltí‡‡
future	caillfidh mé; caillfead	caillfidh tú; caillfir^†	caillfidh sé, sí	caillfimid; caillfidh muid	caillfidh sibh	caillfidh siad; caillfid^†	a chaillfidh; a chaillfeas / a gcaillfidh*	caillfear
conditional	chaillfinn / gcaillfinn‡‡	chaillfeá / gcaillfeá‡‡	chaillfeadh sé, sí / gcaillfeadh sé, sí‡‡	chaillfimis; chaillfeadh muid / gcaillfimis‡‡; gcaillfeadh muid‡‡	chaillfeadh sibh / gcaillfeadh sibh‡‡	chaillfidís; chaillfeadh siad / gcaillfidís‡‡; gcaillfeadh siad‡‡	a chaillfeadh / a gcaillfeadh*	chaillfí / gcaillfí‡‡
subjunctive
present	go gcaille mé; go gcaillead^†	go gcaille tú; go gcaillir^†	go gcaille sé, sí	go gcaillimid; go gcaille muid	go gcaille sibh	go gcaille siad; go gcaillid^†	—	go gcailltear
past	dá gcaillinn	dá gcaillteá	dá gcailleadh sé, sí	dá gcaillimis; dá gcailleadh muid	dá gcailleadh sibh	dá gcaillidís; dá gcailleadh siad	—	dá gcailltí
imperative
–	caillim	caill	cailleadh sé, sí	caillimis	cailligí; caillidh^†	caillidís	—	cailltear

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Alternative verbal noun: cailliúint

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

caill

vocative/genitive singular of call

Mutation

Mutated forms of *caill*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
caill	chaill	gcaill

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kallī.

Noun

caill f (genitive caille)

forest, wood, woodland

Inflection

Feminine ī-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	caill^L	caill^L	cailli^H
vocative	caill^L	caill^L	cailli^H
accusative	caill^N	caill^L	cailli^H
genitive	caille^H	caille^L	caille^N
dative	caill^L	caillib	caillib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

Irish: coill
Manx: keyll
Scottish Gaelic: coille

Mutation

Mutation of *caill*
radical	lenition	nasalization
caill	chaill	caill pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kʰaiʎ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish coillid (“destroys”), from coll (“destruction”), from Proto-Celtic *koldom, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂-d- (“strike, cut”).

Verb

caill (past chaill, future caillidh, verbal noun call, past participle caillte)

lose
miss (train, etc.)
forfeit
(obsolete) name, call
(obsolete) emasculate

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin cōleus.

Noun

caill m

(anatomy, obsolete) testicle

Mutation

Mutation of *caill*
radical	lenition
caill	chaill

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh keill, from Proto-Brythonic *köll (compare Breton and Cornish kell), from Latin coleus, from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kai̯ɬ/
Rhymes: -ai̯ɬ

Noun

caill f (plural ceilliau)

(anatomy) testicle

Derived terms

ceillgwd

Mutation

Mutated forms of *caill*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
caill	gaill	nghaill	chaill

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.