kell

• IPA^(key): /kɛl/
• Rhymes: -ɛl

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

Compare caul.

kell (plural kells)

1. (obsolete) The caul.
2. (obsolete, figurative) That which covers or envelops, like a caul; a net; a fold; a film.
   • c. 1608–1610, Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, “Philaster: Or, Love Lies a Bleeding”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1679, →OCLC, Act V, scene iv:

     I'll have him cut to the kell.

3. (obsolete) The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect.
   • 1616, Ben Jonson, The Devil Is an Ass:

     Bury himself in every silkworm's kell

kell (plural kells)

1. A kiln.
   • 1557 February 13 (Gregorian calendar), Thomas Tusser, A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie, London: […] Richard Tottel, →OCLC:

     Kell-drying

kell (uncountable)

1. Alternative spelling of kale (“broth”).

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɛlː/

From Proto-Brythonic [Term?], borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Cornish kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).

kell f (plural kelloù, dual divgell)

1. testicle

From Latin cella (compare Old Irish cell).

kell f (plural kelloù or killi)

1. cell (of prisoner, monk):

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [kɛlː]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [kɛlʰ]

From Proto-Brythonic *köll, borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin cōleus (“testicle”) (compare Breton kell, Welsh caill), ultimately from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).

kell f (dual diwgell, plural kellow or kellyow)

1. testicle

From Proto-Brythonic *kell, from Latin cella. Cognate with Welsh cell.

kell f (plural kellow or kellyow)

1. cell

From Proto-Finnic *kellä, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skellǭ (“bell”).

kell (genitive kella, partitive kella)

1. clock
2. bell
3. (in the plural, colloquial) balls, testicles

• käekell

• kék, köll, kő (all three: dialectal)

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kelke- (“to be necessary, need to, must, be obligatory”). ^[1][2]

• IPA^(key): [ˈkɛlː]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛlː

kell

1. (auxiliary with a verb in the infinitive) must, need to, have to

   Synonyms: muszáj, kénytelen

   Ezt látnod kell. ― You have to / need to / must see it.

2. to be needed

   Synonym: szüksége van

   Kell nekem az a ház. ― I need that house.

The subject of certain verbs is not someone who acts but a stimulus that prompts sensory or emotional feelings, like when things interest someone, matter to someone, please someone or appeal to someone. In these cases, the experiencer can take the accusative (e.g. interest) or the dative (e.g. appeal). The experiencer is expressed with the dative in the case of hiányzik (“to be missing or missed by someone”), ízlik (“to taste good”), kell (“to be needed, necessary, or required”), tetszik (“to be appealing”), and van/megvan (“to be had, to be owned by someone”).
If the experiencer is expressed with the accusative, third-person objects (him, her, it, or them) are considered definite, while first- and second-person objects (me, us, and you), indefinite. For example, the verb érdekel can take the definite form érdekli őt (“he/she is interested”, literally “it interests him/her”) or the indefinite form érdekel engem/​téged/​minket (“I am, you are, we are interested”, literally “it interests me, you, us”). The form érdekellek means “you are interested in me” (literally, “I interest you”). — Similar verbs include zavar (“to be bothered by”) and izgat (“to be intrigued by”).^[3]

• Category:Hungarian auxiliary verbs

• kell in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Univerbation of kien (“was”) +‎ l- (“to”).

• IPA^(key): /kɛll/
• Rhymes: -ɛll

kell- (imperfect ikoll)

1. to belong to; expresses English have

   Kelli ktieb. ― I had a book. (literally, “It was to me a book.”)

   Ir-raġel kellu ktieb. ― The man had a book. (literally, “The man it was to him a book.”)

   • 1975, Anton Buttigieg, “Il-Ħajja u l-Għarajjes”, in L-Għanja tas-Sittin:

     Il-Ħajja ma’ l-għarajjes
     daret kollha daħkana;
     għalihom ferħ biss kellha
     u daqq u żfin u għana,
     xita ta’ ross, xewqiet
     f’għomor mimli għaxqiet;

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (with following verb) to be obligatory for; to be necessary for; expresses English have to, must

   Kelli nikteb ktieb.

   I had to write a book.

   (literally, “It was to me (that) I write a book.”)

   • 2018, Antoinette Borg, Amina, Merlin Publishers, →ISBN:

     Imnalla għajjatlu Fredu u kellu jwaqqaf l-eloġju ta’ nannuh, għax naħseb l-istorja li kien imiss kienet li għandu xi gżira privata.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

• The perfect of this verb expresses the past, while the imperfect expresses future and subjunctive senses. The present is expressed by forms of għand. This is equivalent to the situation in the underlying kien (“to be”), where the present is expressed (if expressed at all) by the personal pronouns.
• The verbal inflection is that of a defective verb that inflects only for tense (imperfect ikoll), but not for person or number. They who “have” something, or “have to do” something, are given with the appropriate personal suffixes (as above: kelli = it was to me = I had; kellu = it was to him = he had; etc.).
• Syntactically, it is not sound to define either of the two elements (possessor or thing possessed) as the object of the phrase. Rather the construction is that which in Arabic and Greek grammar is called a nominativus pendens: The possessor is prepositioned and referred back to with a personal suffix, while the thing possessed is the grammatical subject. This construction is generally popular in Maltese; for example: Ir-raġel qatluh. (“They killed the man.”, literally “The man, they killed him.”).

• għand (possessive)

kell

1. third-person singular present indicative of kala