kala

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قلعه (kale), from Persian قلعه (qal'e), from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa).

• (Tosk) IPA^(key): /kaˈla/
• Rhymes: -la
• Hyphenation: ka‧lá

kalá f (plural kala, definite kalaja, definite plural kalatë)

1. castle, fortress

   Synonym: kështjellë

2. fortification

   Synonym: fortifikatë

3. (figurative) ardent defender
4. (figurative) hurdle, obstacle: something difficult to be overcome only by great effort

   u bë kala ― it became difficult

5. (chess) rook

   Synonym: torrë

• “kala”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
• FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎^[2], 1980
• Mann, S. E. (1948) “kalá”, in An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page 175

• IPA^(key): /kala/

kala (Bengali script কালা)

1. deaf person

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

• IPA^(key): /kalə/
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

Borrowed from Old Javanese kāla (“time”), from Sanskrit काल (kāla)

kala (Balinese script ᬓᬮ) (medya)

1. time
2. solar eclipse
3. seventh day of the eight-day week

From Sanskrit काल (kāla).

kala (Balinese script ᬓᬵᬮ)

1. (Hinduism) demon Kala

Borrowed from Old Javanese kala, kalā (“snare”).

kala (Balinese script ᬓᬮᬵ)

1. snare

• “kala” in Balinese–Indonesian Dictionary [Kamus Bahasa Bali–Indonesia], Denpasar, Indonesia: The Linguistic Center of Bali Province [Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali].

kala

1. nothing

kala

1. no, not

• kalav

From either Proto-Celtic *kolmēnā or Latin culmus, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos. Cognate with Breton kolo.

kala f (singulative kalaven)

1. (collective) straw

   Synonym: gwel kala

2. drinking straw

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

kala (genitive kala, partitive kala)

1. fish

Declension of kala (ÕS type 17u/sõna, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		kala	kalad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	kala
genitive			kalade
partitive		kala	kalu kalasid
illative		kalla kalasse	kaladesse kalusse
inessive		kalas	kalades kalus
elative		kalast	kaladest kalust
allative		kalale	kaladele kalule
adessive		kalal	kaladel kalul
ablative		kalalt	kaladelt kalult
translative		kalaks	kaladeks kaluks
terminative		kalani	kaladeni
essive		kalana	kaladena
abessive		kalata	kaladeta
comitative		kalaga	kaladega

• kalastama
• kalamari
• kalur

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.^[1] Cognates include Northern Sami guolli, Ter Sami кы̄лле (kï̄llʼe), Erzya кал (kal), Eastern Mari кол (kol) and Hungarian hal.

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝lɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
• Syllabification^(key): ka‧la
• Hyphenation^(key): ka‧la

kala

1. fish (aquatic animal)

   Hauki on kala.

   A pike is a fish.

   Tässä järvessä on paljon kalaa.

   There's lots of fish in this lake.

2. fish (meat of the aforementioned aquatic animals)

   Syön usein kalaa.

   I often eat fish.

3. (idiomatic, in locational cases and expressions) fishing (as a personal activity, used with the verbs olla (“to be”) and mennä (“to go”), lähteä (“to leave”), and käydä (“to go and come back”))

   olla kalassa ― to be fishing

   käydä kalassa ― to go fishing (and come back)

   mennä kalaan ― to go fishing

   lähteä kalaan ― to (leave and) go fishing

   lähteä kalalle ― to (leave and) go fishing

   Käytkö usein kalassa?

   Do you often go fishing?

4. (in compounds) seafood

   Mennään kalaravintolaan.

   Let's go to a seafood restaurant.

• (fish, aquatic animals): Quite often used in the singular in a collective sense, as can be seen in one of the usage examples.

• “kala”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2 July 2023

From Arabic كُلَّ (kulla).

kala

1. each, every, all

• denndaangal
• kalamaa
• kalamanni
• mo kala

• Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.

kala

1. thigh

• Gurindji language words from the 50 words project from the Research Unit for Indigenous Language at the University of Melbourne. Retrieved 7 November 2024.

From Proto-Polynesian *tala (“spine, prong”) – compare with Maori tara (“thorn, spike, tine, tooth”), Tahitian tara (“horn, spur, sting”), Tongan tala and Samoan tala.^[1][2] (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /ˈka.la/, [ˈkɐ.lə]

kala

1. (obsolete) horn, spike, thorn

   Synonyms: kākala, hao, kiwi

2. sharkskin
3. surgeonfish

• kākala
• hoʻokala

• IPA^(key): [kalaʔ]
• Hyphenation: ka‧la
• Rhymes: -laʔ

kala

1. Semelfactive or non-iterative aspect i. e. the action or situation has happened once or more but did not repeat itself

From Old Norse kala.

• IPA^(key): /ˈkʰaːla/
  • Rhymes: -aːla

kala (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative kól, third-person plural past indicative kólu, supine kalið)

1. (impersonal) to become frostbitten

   Mig kól á tám.

   My toes became frostbitten.

• kal

• IPA^(key): /ˈkala/
• Hyphenation: ka‧la
• Rhymes: -la, -a

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”) or Sanskrit कला (kalā, “a division of time”). Doublet of kali.

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. time

   Synonyms: masa, waktu

2. when: during the time that

   Synonym: ketika

3. (geology) epoch: a geochronologic unit of hundreds of thousands to millions of years; a subdivision of a period, and subdivided into ages (or sometimes subepochs)

   Synonym: epok (Standard Malay)

4. tense;
   1. (grammar) any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists
   2. (linguistics, grammar, countable) an inflected form of a verb that indicates tense

• kala akan datang (“future tense”)
• kala kini (“present tense”)
• kala lampau (“past tense”)

From Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “stinging animal, scorpion”), from Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”).

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) any member of scorpiones order
2. (obsolete) scorpion

   Synonym: kalajengking

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala.

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (obsolete) silk

   Synonym: sutra

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “bird noose, snare”), from Old Javanese kalā.

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (obsolete) snare

   Synonym: jerat

From Malay kala, from Arabic قَضَاء (qaḍāʔ). Doublet of qada.

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (obsolete) synonym of qada

• kala hajat

• “kala” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

kala

1. fish
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:

     Kapa, kala, kala, kana.

     Dried fish, fish, fish, hen.

   • 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 37:

     Hää ono voimakas kala ja kasvaa suureks.

     It's a strong fish and grows big.

   • 1937, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     — Kala, kala — ohto tiukkaa! Ota matokkaine suuhu.

     — Fish, fish — quit playing! Put a mollusk in your mouth.

Declension of kala (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kalloin
partitive	kallaa	kaloja
illative	kallaa	kalloi
inessive	kalas	kalois
elative	kalast	kaloist
allative	kalalle	kaloille
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalt	kaloilt
translative	kalaks	kaloiks
essive	kalanna, kallaan	kaloinna, kalloin
exessive1)	kalant	kaloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

• elokas (“animal”)

• zveeri (“animal”), lintu (“bird”)

• Fedor Tumansky (1790) “кала”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 683
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 126
• Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[4], →ISBN, page 82

kala

1. romanization of ꦏꦭ

Regional variants of kala

North Karelian (Viena)	kala
South Karelian (Tver)	kala

From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)

1. fish

Viena Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kalojen
partitive	kalua	kaloja
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalašša	kaloissa
elative	kalašta	kaloista
adessive	kalalla	kaloilla
ablative	kalalta	kaloilta
translative	kalakši	kaloiksi
essive	kalana	kaloina
comitative	—	kaloineh
abessive	kalatta	kaloitta

Tver Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kaloin
partitive	kalua	kaloida
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalašša	kaloissa
elative	kalašta	kaloista
adessive	kalalla	kaloilla
ablative	kalalda	kaloilda
translative	kalakši	kaloiksi
essive	kalana	kaloina
comitative	kalanke	kaloinke
abessive	kalatta	kaloitta

Possessive forms of kala
1st person	kalani
2nd person	kalaš
3rd person	kalah
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

• A. V. Punzhina (1994) “kala”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
• P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) “рыба”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN

kala

1. third-person singular/plural past indicative of kalt

From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)

1. fish

Declension of kala (Type 1/griba, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kaloin
partitive	kalua	kaloi
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalas	kalois
elative	kalaspäi	kaloispäi
allative	kalale	kaloile
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalpäi	kaloilpäi
translative	kalakse	kaloikse
essive	kalannu	kaloinnu
abessive	kalattah	kaloittah
comitative	kalanke	kaloinke
instructive		kaloin
prolative	kalači

• N. Gilojeva, S. Rudakova (2009) Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect]‎^[5] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 3
• Tatjana Boiko (2019) Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 92

From Proto-Finnic *kala.

kala

1. fish

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kalə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kala/
• Rhymes: -alə, -lə, -ə

From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”).

kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala)

1. time (inevitable passing of events)
2. time (quantity of availability in time)
3. time (time of day, as indicated by a clock, etc)
4. time (particular moment or hour)
5. time (measurement under some system of the time of day or moment in time)
6. time (numerical indication of a particular moment in time)

• masa / ماس
• waktu / وقتو

From Javanese kala (“stinging animal”).

kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala)

1. scorpion

kala

1. fire
2. firewood

• Suzanne M. Prober, Emma Yuen, Michael H. O'Connor, Les Schultz, Ngadju kala: Ngadju fire knowledge and contemporary fire management in the Great Western Woodlands, Wembley, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Coolgardie, Ngadju Conservation.
• Carl Georg von Brandenstein, 1980, Ngadjumaja: An Aboriginal Language of South-East Western Australia, Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.

kala

1. branch (of a tree)

• IPA^(key): /ka.la/
• Rhymes: -la
• Homophones: kalā, kāla
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

Borrowed from Sanskrit काला (kālā, “black; dark”).

kala

1. wicked, evil, base, false

• Javanese: ꦏꦭ (kala, “evil; demon”)

From Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkha, “trumpet, horn”, literally “shell, conch-shell”) +‎ काल (kāla, “time, hour”).

kala

1. trumpet

From Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”).

kala

1. scorpion

• Javanese: ꦏꦭ (kala, “stinging animal”)
  • → Indonesian: kala (“stinging animal”)

kala

1. alternative spelling of kalā (“noose, snare”)

From Proto-Germanic *kalaną, whence also Old English calan. Ultimately from an o-grade present of Proto-Indo-European *gel-.

kala

1. (impersonal) to cause to freeze [with accusative ‘someone’] (idiomatically translated as "freeze" with the accusative object as the subject)

   mik kell ― I freeze; I become frost-bitten

• Icelandic: kala
• Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
• Swedish: kala (dialectal)

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “kala”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

• IPA^(key): /ˈka.la/
• Rhymes: -ala
• Syllabification: ka‧la

kala

1. third-person singular present of kalać

• IPA^(key): /ka.ˈla/, [ka.ˈla]

kala

1. prey; game

kala (Cyrillic spelling кала)

1. genitive singular of kal

kala

1. romanization of 𒆗 (kala)

kala

1. inflection of kal:
   1. definite singular
   2. plural

From English color.

kala

1. color

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

kala

1. fish

Inflection of kala (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	kala
genitive sing.	kalan
partitive sing.	kalad
partitive plur.	kaloid
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalad
accusative	kalan	kalad
genitive	kalan	kaloiden
partitive	kalad	kaloid
essive-instructive	kalan	kaloin
translative	kalaks	kaloikš
inessive	kalas	kaloiš
elative	kalaspäi	kaloišpäi
illative	kalaha kalha	kaloihe
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalpäi	kaloilpäi
allative	kalale	kaloile
abessive	kalata	kaloita
comitative	kalanke	kaloidenke
prolative	kaladme	kaloidme
approximative I	kalanno	kaloidenno
approximative II	kalannoks	kaloidennoks
egressive	kalannopäi	kaloidennopäi
terminative I	kalahasai kalhasai	kaloihesai
terminative II	kalalesai	kaloilesai
terminative III	kalassai	—
additive I	kalahapäi kalhapäi	kaloihepäi
additive II	kalalepäi	kaloilepäi

• kalankazvatai
• kalankazvatuz
• kalansuug

• Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “рыба”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[6], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

• IPA^(key): /kɑlɑ/

kala (genitive kala, partitive kalla)

1. fish

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

kala

1. fish

Declension of kala (type III/jalkõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalad
genitive	kala	kalojõ, kaloi
partitive	kalla	kaloitõ, kaloi
illative	kallasõ, kalla	kaloisõ
inessive	kalaz	kaloiz
elative	kalassõ	kaloissõ
allative	kalalõ	kaloilõ
adessive	kalallõ	kaloillõ
ablative	kalaltõ	kaloiltõ
translative	kalassi	kaloissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

kala

1. born (to be)

kala

1. to join, to unite

kala

1. to hunt

• Mbugu: kala

• Maarten Mous, The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu

-kála

1. to weigh

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “kala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “kala (3.9)”