Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kalaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gól-, the o-grade root present of *gel- (“cold”). Related to Latin gelū (“frost, cold”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑ.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kalaną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to be cold, to freeze

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 6)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kalō	*kalaų	—	*kalai	?
2nd singular	*kalizi	*kalaiz	*kal	*kalazai	*kalaizau
3rd singular	*kalidi	*kalai	*kaladau	*kaladai	*kalaidau
1st dual	*kalōz	*kalaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kaladiz	*kalaidiz	*kaladiz	—	—
1st plural	*kalamaz	*kalaim	—	*kalandai	*kalaindau
2nd plural	*kalid	*kalaid	*kalid	*kalandai	*kalaindau
3rd plural	*kalandi	*kalain	*kalandau	*kalandai	*kalaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kōl	*kōlį̄
2nd singular	*kōlt	*kōlīz
3rd singular	*kōl	*kōlī
1st dual	*kōlū	*kōlīw
2nd dual	*kōludiz	*kōlīdiz
1st plural	*kōlum	*kōlīm
2nd plural	*kōlud	*kōlīd
3rd plural	*kōlun	*kōlīn

	present	past
participles	*kalandz	*kalanaz

Derived terms

*kaldaz
*kallōną
*kalmaz
*kalmijô
*kalōną
*kōlijaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kalan
- Old English: calan
  - Middle English: calen
Old Norse: kala
- Icelandic: kala
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
- Swedish: kala (dialectal)
→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *kalëda (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kalan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 277
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kalanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 208
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “KAL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 288

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kalan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 277

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kalanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 208

[3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “KAL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 288

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