граждан
Bashkir
Etymology
From Russian граждани́н (graždanín, “citizen”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɡräʐ.dän]
- Hyphenation: граж‧дан
Noun
граждан • (grajdan)
- citizen
- Сит ил граждандары.
- Sit il grajdandarı.
- Foreign citizens.
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| absolute | граждан (grajdan) | граждандар (grajdandar) |
| definite genitive | граждандың (grajdandıñ) | граждандарҙың (grajdandarźıñ) |
| dative | гражданға (grajdanğa) | граждандарға (grajdandarğa) |
| definite accusative | гражданды (grajdandı) | граждандарҙы (grajdandarźı) |
| locative | гражданда (grajdanda) | граждандарҙа (grajdandarźa) |
| ablative | граждандан (grajdandan) | граждандарҙан (grajdandarźan) |
Pannonian Rusyn
Etymology
Possibly a back-formation from гражданка (hraždanka), гражданство (hraždanstvo) or the nominative plural form гражданє (hraždanje), which would explain the deviation from expected *гражданин (*hraždanin). Alternatively, a learned borrowing from Old Church Slavonic гражданъ (graždanŭ), possibly via Carpathian Rusyn граждан (hraždan), гражданин (hraždanyn). Compare Bulgarian гра́жданин (gráždanin), Russian граждани́н (graždanín) and Serbo-Croatian грађанин / građanin.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɦraʒdan]
- Rhymes: -aʒdan
- Hyphenation: граж‧дан
Noun
граждан (hraždan) m pers (feminine equivalent гражданка, related adjective граждански)
Usage notes
- Nominally, a distinction is made between citizen (“inhabitant of a city or town; burgher”) and citizen (“inhabitant of a state or country”), with the latter being represented in Pannonian Rusyn as державян (deržavjan), also with the sense of "countryman". In practice, граждан (hraždan) is commonly used for both senses, making phrases such as гражданє Сербиї (hraždanje Serbiji, “citizens of Serbia”) not only possible, but substantially more common than, say, державянє (Републики) Сербиї (deržavjanje (Republiki) Serbiji). The latter appears to be used more often in legal writings or rules and regulations of competitions, and as such the use of державян (deržavjan) may be perceived as more formal, if not bookish.
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | граждан (hraždan) | гражданє (hraždanje) |
| genitive | граждана (hraždana) | гражданох (hraždanox) |
| dative | гражданови (hraždanovi) | гражданом (hraždanom) |
| accusative | граждана (hraždana) | гражданох (hraždanox) |
| instrumental | гражданом (hraždanom) | гражданами (hraždanami) |
| locative | гражданови (hraždanovi) | гражданох (hraždanox) |
| vocative | граждан (hraždan) | гражданє (hraždanje) |
Related terms
nouns
- гражданство n (hraždanstvo)
- малограждан m pers (malohraždan)
- сограждан m pers (sohraždan)
References
- Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “граждан”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
- Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “citizen”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 55
Russian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɡraʐdən]
Noun
гра́ждан • (gráždan) m anim pl
- genitive/accusative plural of граждани́н (graždanín)