خشت
Khalaj
Noun
خِشت (xişt) (definite accusative خِشتی, plural خِشتلَر)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | خشت | خشتلَر |
| genitive | خشتۆݧ | خشتلَریݧ |
| dative | خشتکه | خشتلَرکه |
| definite accusative | خشتۆ | خشتلَری |
| locative | خشتچه | خشتلَرچه |
| ablative | خشتده | خشتلَرده |
| instrumental | خشتله | خشتلَرله |
| equative | خشتوارا | خشتلَروارا |
Persian
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): /ˈxiʃt/
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [xɪʃt̪]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xeʃt̪]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χiʃt̪]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | xišt |
| Dari reading? | xišt |
| Iranian reading? | xešt |
| Tajik reading? | xišt |
Etymology 1
From Middle Persian [script needed] (hšt' /xišt/, “brick”), from Old Persian 𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎡 (i-š-t-i /išti-/, “sun-dried brick”), possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.[1][2] Cognate with Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ištiia, “brick”), 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌 (išti), 𐬰𐬆𐬨𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀 (zəmōištuua, “clay brick”), Sanskrit इष्टका (iṣṭakā, “brick”), Tocharian B iścem (“clay”), Pashto خښته (ḵẖaś̱ẖtaʿh), and possibly Parthian 𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫎𐫏𐫃 (hyšṯyg, “brick”).
Noun
خِشْت • (xešt) (plural خشتها)
- adobe, sun-dried brick
- c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 241:
- باری از خاک درش سازید خشت مرقدم
آستانش گر نشد در زندگی بالین من- bārē az xāk-i daraš sāzēd xišt-i marqadam
āstānaš gar na-šud dar zindagī bālīn-i man - Anyhow, build my tomb's bricks from the earth at her gate
If her threshold has not become my pillow in life.
- bārē az xāk-i daraš sāzēd xišt-i marqadam
Derived terms
- خشتی (xešti)
Descendants
Etymology 2
See Old Armenian աշտեայ (ašteay).
Noun
خِشْت • (xešt) (plural خشتها)
Descendants
References
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations[1], Helsinki, page 4
- ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”
Further reading
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “خشت”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
- Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 510
Urdu
Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian خِشت (xišt, “brick”), doublet of اِیْنٹ (ī̃ṭ). Ultimately derived from the BMAC substrate.
Cognate with Punjabi اِٹّ (īṭṭ), Pashto خښته (ḵẖaś̱ẖtaʿh), Khowar اݰٹو (ušṭu), Phalura اݜٹو (iṣṭū́),
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /xɪʃt̪/
Noun
خِشْت • (xiśt) f (Hindi spelling ख़िश्त)
Derived terms
- خِشْتِی (xiśtī, “(made of) brick”)
- خِشْتَک (xiśtak, “small brick”)
- خِشْت ساز (xiśt sāz, “brick-maker”)
- خِشْت زَنِی (xiśt zanī, “brick-making”)
References
- “خشت”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خشت”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
- Platts, John T. (1884) “خشت”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
- “خشت”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.