ऊर्ध्व
Sanskrit
FWOTD – 16 May 2021
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- ঊৰ্ধ্ব (Assamese script)
- ᬊᬃᬥ᭄ᬯ (Balinese script)
- ঊর্ধ্ব (Bengali script)
- 𑰅𑰨𑰿𑰠𑰿𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀊𑀭𑁆𑀥𑁆𑀯 (Brahmi script)
- ဦရ်္ဓွ (Burmese script)
- ઊર્ધ્વ (Gujarati script)
- ਊਰ੍ਧ੍ਵ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌊𑌰𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌵 (Grantha script)
- ꦈꦴꦂꦣ꧀ꦮ (Javanese script)
- 𑂈𑂩𑂹𑂡𑂹𑂫 (Kaithi script)
- ಊರ್ಧ್ವ (Kannada script)
- ឩធ៌្វ (Khmer script)
- ອູຣ຺ຘ຺ວ (Lao script)
- ഊര്ധ്വ (Malayalam script)
- ᡠᡠᡵᢡᠣᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘅𑘨𑘿𑘠𑘿𑘪 (Modi script)
- ᠤᠤᠷᢑᠾᢦ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦥𑧈𑧠𑧀𑧠𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐅𑐬𑑂𑐢𑑂𑐰 (Newa script)
- ଊର୍ଧ୍ଵ (Odia script)
- ꢇꢬ꣄ꢤ꣄ꢮ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆈𑆫𑇀𑆣𑇀𑆮 (Sharada script)
- 𑖅𑖨𑖿𑖠𑖿𑖪 (Siddham script)
- ඌර්ධ්ව (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩐𑩒𑩛𑩼 𑪙𑩮 𑪙𑩾 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚅𑚤𑚶𑚜𑚶𑚦 (Takri script)
- ஊர்த்⁴வ (Tamil script)
- ఊర్ధ్వ (Telugu script)
- อูรฺธฺว (Thai script)
- ཨཱུ་རྡྷྭ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒆𑒩𑓂𑒡𑓂𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨀𑨃𑨊𑨫𑩇𑨜𑩇𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s (“high, upright”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬡𐬀 (ərəδβa), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós), Latin arduus, Old Norse ǫrðugr (“steep”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /uːɾdʱ.ʋɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /uːɾd̪ʱ.ʋɐ/
Adjective
ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá) stem
- rising or tending upwards, raised, elevated, erected, erect, upright, high, above
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.36.13:
- ऊ॒र्ध्व ऊ॒ षु ण॑ ऊ॒तये॒ तिष्ठा॑ दे॒वो न स॑वि॒ता।
ऊ॒र्ध्वो वाज॑स्य॒ सनि॑ता॒ यद॒ञ्जिभि॑र्वा॒घद्भि॑र्वि॒ह्वया॑महे॥- ūrdhvá ū ṣú ṇa ūtáye tíṣṭhā devó ná savitā́.
ūrdhvó vā́jasya sánitā yádañjíbhirvāghádbhirvihváyāmahe. - Stand up erect to lend us aid, stand up like Savitā the God:
Erect as strength-bestower we call aloud, with unguents and with priests, on thee.
- ūrdhvá ū ṣú ṇa ūtáye tíṣṭhā devó ná savitā́.
- ऊ॒र्ध्व ऊ॒ षु ण॑ ऊ॒तये॒ तिष्ठा॑ दे॒वो न स॑वि॒ता।
Usage notes
In Classical Sanskrit occurring chiefly in compounds.
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऊर्ध्वः (ūrdhváḥ) | ऊर्ध्वौ (ūrdhvaú) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹) |
ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ) ऊर्ध्वासः¹ (ūrdhvā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) | ऊर्ध्वौ (ūrdhvaú) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹) |
ऊर्ध्वान् (ūrdhvā́n) |
| instrumental | ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvéna) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaíḥ) ऊर्ध्वेभिः¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvā́ya) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvásya) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām) |
| locative | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhvéṣu) |
| vocative | ऊर्ध्व (ū́rdhva) | ऊर्ध्वौ (ū́rdhvau) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ū́rdhvā¹) |
ऊर्ध्वाः (ū́rdhvāḥ) ऊर्ध्वासः¹ (ū́rdhvāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऊर्ध्वा (ūrdhvā́) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ) |
| accusative | ऊर्ध्वाम् (ūrdhvā́m) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | ऊर्ध्वया (ūrdhváyā) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹) |
ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वाभिः (ūrdhvā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | ऊर्ध्वायै (ūrdhvā́yai) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्यः (ūrdhvā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऊर्ध्वायाः (ūrdhvā́yāḥ) ऊर्ध्वायै² (ūrdhvā́yai²) |
ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्यः (ūrdhvā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऊर्ध्वायाः (ūrdhvā́yāḥ) ऊर्ध्वायै² (ūrdhvā́yai²) |
ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām) |
| locative | ऊर्ध्वायाम् (ūrdhvā́yām) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वासु (ūrdhvā́su) |
| vocative | ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) | ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ū́rdhvāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹) |
| accusative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹) |
| instrumental | ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvéna) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaíḥ) ऊर्ध्वेभिः¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvā́ya) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvásya) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām) |
| locative | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhvéṣu) |
| vocative | ऊर्ध्व (ū́rdhva) | ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ū́rdhvāni) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ū́rdhvā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
Descendants
Noun
ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá) stem, n
- height, elevation
- anything placed above or higher (+ ablative)
- ऊर्ध्वं-गच्छति ― √gam ― to go upwards or into heaven, die
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹) |
| accusative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹) |
| instrumental | ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvéna) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaíḥ) ऊर्ध्वेभिः¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvā́ya) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvásya) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām) |
| locative | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhvéṣu) |
| vocative | ऊर्ध्व (ū́rdhva) | ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ū́rdhvāni) ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ū́rdhvā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Preposition
ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá)
- in the sequel, in the later part (e.g. of a book or manuscript; because in Sanskrit manuscripts the later leaves stand above), subsequent, after (with ablative)
- अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam), or इत ऊर्ध्वम् (ita ūrdhvam) ― hence forward, from that time forward, after that passage, hereafter
- ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात् ― ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarāt ― after a year
- ऊर्ध्वं देहात् ― ūrdhvaṃ dehāt ― after life, after death
- after, after the death of (+ ablative)
- ऊर्ध्वं पितुः ― ūrdhvaṃ pituḥ ― after the father's death
- in a high tone, aloud
Descendants
- Pali: uddha, ubbha
- Phalura:
- Latin script: huṇḍ
- Arabic script: ہُنڈ
- Prakrit: 𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀠 (uḍḍha), 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥 (uddha), 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha) (see there for further descendants)
- Irula: உத்த்ய (uttya)
Further reading
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ūrdhvá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 115