गाध
Sanskrit
Etymology
Etymology tree
Sanskrit गाध (gādha)
- Attempts to relate the term to Latin vadum (“ford, shallow”) are made difficult by its cognate Proto-Germanic *wadą, which points to a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *uh₂dʰ-óm. Narten suggests contamination by *gʷeh₂- (“to go, step”) (whence गा (gā)), but this is not widely accepted.
- Pokorny suggests गा (gā, “to go”, root) + ध (dhá, “giving, granting”).
Not related to गाह् (gāh, “to dive into”, root), but some derived terms may be semantically influenced by it. The root गाध् (gādh, “to stay, remain”) is probably back-formed by grammarians from this word.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɡɑː.dʱɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɡɑː.d̪ʱɐ/
Adjective
गा॒ध • (gādhá) stem (root गाध्)[3]
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गाधः (gādháḥ) | गाधौ (gādhaú) गाधा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
गाधाः (gādhā́ḥ) गाधासः¹ (gādhā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | गाधम् (gādhám) | गाधौ (gādhaú) गाधा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
गाधान् (gādhā́n) |
| instrumental | गाधेन (gādhéna) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधैः (gādhaíḥ) गाधेभिः¹ (gādhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गाधाय (gādhā́ya) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधेभ्यः (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गाधात् (gādhā́t) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधेभ्यः (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गाधस्य (gādhásya) | गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधानाम् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधेषु (gādhéṣu) |
| vocative | गाध (gā́dha) | गाधौ (gā́dhau) गाधा¹ (gā́dhā¹) |
गाधाः (gā́dhāḥ) गाधासः¹ (gā́dhāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गाधा (gādhā́) | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधाः (gādhā́ḥ) |
| accusative | गाधाम् (gādhā́m) | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधाः (gādhā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | गाधया (gādháyā) गाधा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधाभिः (gādhā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | गाधायै (gādhā́yai) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधाभ्यः (gādhā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गाधायाः (gādhā́yāḥ) गाधायै² (gādhā́yai²) |
गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधाभ्यः (gādhā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गाधायाः (gādhā́yāḥ) गाधायै² (gādhā́yai²) |
गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधानाम् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गाधायाम् (gādhā́yām) | गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधासु (gādhā́su) |
| vocative | गाधे (gā́dhe) | गाधे (gā́dhe) | गाधाः (gā́dhāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गाधम् (gādhám) | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधानि (gādhā́ni) गाधा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| accusative | गाधम् (gādhám) | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधानि (gādhā́ni) गाधा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| instrumental | गाधेन (gādhéna) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधैः (gādhaíḥ) गाधेभिः¹ (gādhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गाधाय (gādhā́ya) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधेभ्यः (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गाधात् (gādhā́t) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधेभ्यः (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गाधस्य (gādhásya) | गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधानाम् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधेषु (gādhéṣu) |
| vocative | गाध (gā́dha) | गाधे (gā́dhe) | गाधानि (gā́dhāni) गाधा¹ (gā́dhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
गा॒ध • (gādhá) stem, n (root गाध्) [3][4]
- ford, shallow (a place in a river or stream where the water is shallow)
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.61.11:
- अ॒स्येदु॑ त्वे॒षसा॑ रन्त॒ सिन्ध॑वः॒ परि॒ यद्वज्रे॑ण सी॒मय॑च्छत् ।
ई॒शा॒न॒कृद्दा॒शुषे॑ दश॒स्यन्तु॒र्वीत॑ये गा॒धं तु॒र्वणिः॑ कः ॥- asyédu tveṣásā ranta síndhavaḥ pári yádvájreṇa sīmáyacchat.
īśānakṛ́ddāśúṣe daśasyánturvī́taye gādháṃ turváṇiḥ kaḥ.
- 1890 translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith
- The rivers played, through his impetuous splendour, since with his bolt he compassed them on all sides. Using his might and favouring him who worshipped, he made a ford, victorious, for Turvîti.
- asyédu tveṣásā ranta síndhavaḥ pári yádvájreṇa sīmáyacchat.
- अ॒स्येदु॑ त्वे॒षसा॑ रन्त॒ सिन्ध॑वः॒ परि॒ यद्वज्रे॑ण सी॒मय॑च्छत् ।
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गाधम् (gādhám) | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधानि (gādhā́ni) गाधा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| accusative | गाधम् (gādhám) | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधानि (gādhā́ni) गाधा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| instrumental | गाधेन (gādhéna) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधैः (gādhaíḥ) गाधेभिः¹ (gādhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गाधाय (gādhā́ya) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधेभ्यः (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गाधात् (gādhā́t) | गाधाभ्याम् (gādhā́bhyām) | गाधेभ्यः (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गाधस्य (gādhásya) | गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधानाम् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गाधे (gādhé) | गाधयोः (gādháyoḥ) | गाधेषु (gādhéṣu) |
| vocative | गाध (gā́dha) | गाधे (gā́dhe) | गाधानि (gā́dhāni) गाधा¹ (gā́dhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- अगाध (agādha)
- सु॒गा॒ध (sugādhá)
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Shina: [script needed] (ga, “stream”)
- Pali: gādha
- Prakrit: 𑀕𑀸𑀥 (gādha), 𑀕𑀸𑀳 (gāha)
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “gādháḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 333
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “gādhá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 485
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Monier Williams (1899) “गाध”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 353.
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “gādhá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 221
Further reading
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025) “gādha”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.