गोधूम
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोधूम (godhūma). Doublet of गेहूँ (gehū̃), a tadbhava.
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /ɡoː.d̪ʱuːm/, [ɡoː.d̪ʱũːm]
Noun
गोधूम • (godhūm) m (rare, formal)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | गोधूम godhūm |
गोधूम godhūm |
| oblique | गोधूम godhūm |
गोधूमों godhūmõ |
| vocative | गोधूम godhūm |
गोधूमो godhūmo |
References
- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “गोधूम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
- Platts, John T. (1884) “गोधूम”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- godhūma (Latin script)
- 𑀕𑁄𑀥𑀽𑀫 (Brahmi script)
- গোধূম (Bengali script)
- ගොධූම (Sinhalese script)
- ဂေါဓူမ or ၷေႃꩪူမ (Burmese script)
- โคธูม or โคธูมะ (Thai script)
- ᨣᩮᩤᨵᩪᨾ (Tai Tham script)
- ໂຄຘູມ or ໂຄຘູມະ (Lao script)
- គោធូម (Khmer script)
- 𑄉𑄮𑄙𑄫𑄟 (Chakma script)
Noun
गोधूम m
- Devanagari script form of godhūma (“wheat”)
Declension
Declension table of "गोधूम" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गोधूमो (godhūmo) | गोधूमा (godhūmā) |
| Accusative (second) | गोधूमं (godhūmaṃ) | गोधूमे (godhūme) |
| Instrumental (third) | गोधूमेन (godhūmena) | गोधूमेहि (godhūmehi) or गोधूमेभि (godhūmebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गोधूमस्स (godhūmassa) or गोधूमाय (godhūmāya) or गोधूमत्थं (godhūmatthaṃ) | गोधूमानं (godhūmānaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गोधूमस्मा (godhūmasmā) or गोधूमम्हा (godhūmamhā) or गोधूमा (godhūmā) | गोधूमेहि (godhūmehi) or गोधूमेभि (godhūmebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गोधूमस्स (godhūmassa) | गोधूमानं (godhūmānaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गोधूमस्मिं (godhūmasmiṃ) or गोधूमम्हि (godhūmamhi) or गोधूमे (godhūme) | गोधूमेसु (godhūmesu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गोधूम (godhūma) | गोधूमा (godhūmā) |
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- গোধূম (Assamese script)
- ᬕᭀᬥᬹᬫ (Balinese script)
- গোধূম (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰺𑰠𑰳𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑁄𑀥𑀽𑀫 (Brahmi script)
- ဂေါဓူမ (Burmese script)
- ગોધૂમ (Gujarati script)
- ਗੋਧੂਮ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑍋𑌧𑍂𑌮 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦺꦴꦣꦹꦩ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑂷𑂡𑂴𑂧 (Kaithi script)
- ಗೋಧೂಮ (Kannada script)
- គោធូម (Khmer script)
- ໂຄຘູມ (Lao script)
- ഗോധൂമ (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᠣᢡᡠᡠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘻𑘠𑘴𑘦 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠣᠸᠠᢑᠾᠤᠤᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧜𑧀𑧕𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑑀𑐢𑐹𑐩 (Newa script)
- ଗୋଧୂମ (Odia script)
- ꢔꣂꢤꢹꢪ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆾𑆣𑆷𑆩 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖺𑖠𑖳𑖦 (Siddham script)
- ගොධූම (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩕𑩮𑩒𑩛𑩴 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚴𑚜𑚱𑚢 (Takri script)
- கே³ாதூ⁴ம (Tamil script)
- గోధూమ (Telugu script)
- โคธูม (Thai script)
- གོ་དྷཱུ་མ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒼𑒡𑒴𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨆𑨜𑨃𑨊𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).[1]
Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) + धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɡɐw.dʱúː.mɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɡoː.d̪ʱuː.mɐ/
Noun
गोधूम • (godhū́ma) stem, m
- wheat
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.7.4:
- व्री॒हय॑श् च मे॒ यवाश् च मे॒ माषाश् च मे॒ तिलाश् च मे मु॒द्गाश् च॑ मे ख॒ल्वाश् च मे गो॒धूमाश् च मे म॒सुराश् च मे प्रि॒यङ्ग॑वश् च॒ मे ऽण॑वश् च मे श्या॒माकाश् च मे नी॒वाराश् च मे ॥
- vrīháyaś ca me yávā́ś cá me mā́ṣā́ś cá me tílā́ś cá mé mudgā́ś ca me khalvā́ś cá mé godhū́mā́ś cá mé masúrā́ś cá mé priyáṅgavaś ca mé ʼṇavaś ca me śyāmā́kā́ś cá mé nīvā́rā́ś cá mé.
- And to me may rice, barley, beans, sesame, kidney beans, vetches, wheat, lentils, Millet, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum frumentaceum, and wild rice [be granted].
- व्री॒हय॑श् च मे॒ यवाश् च मे॒ माषाश् च मे॒ तिलाश् च मे मु॒द्गाश् च॑ मे ख॒ल्वाश् च मे गो॒धूमाश् च मे म॒सुराश् च मे प्रि॒यङ्ग॑वश् च॒ मे ऽण॑वश् च मे श्या॒माकाश् च मे नी॒वाराश् च मे ॥
- the orange tree
- name of a medicinal plant
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गोधूमः (godhū́maḥ) | गोधूमौ (godhū́mau) गोधूमा¹ (godhū́mā¹) |
गोधूमाः (godhū́māḥ) गोधूमासः¹ (godhū́māsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | गोधूमम् (godhū́mam) | गोधूमौ (godhū́mau) गोधूमा¹ (godhū́mā¹) |
गोधूमान् (godhū́mān) |
| instrumental | गोधूमेन (godhū́mena) | गोधूमाभ्याम् (godhū́mābhyām) | गोधूमैः (godhū́maiḥ) गोधूमेभिः¹ (godhū́mebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गोधूमाय (godhū́māya) | गोधूमाभ्याम् (godhū́mābhyām) | गोधूमेभ्यः (godhū́mebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गोधूमात् (godhū́māt) | गोधूमाभ्याम् (godhū́mābhyām) | गोधूमेभ्यः (godhū́mebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गोधूमस्य (godhū́masya) | गोधूमयोः (godhū́mayoḥ) | गोधूमानाम् (godhū́mānām) |
| locative | गोधूमे (godhū́me) | गोधूमयोः (godhū́mayoḥ) | गोधूमेषु (godhū́meṣu) |
| vocative | गोधूम (gódhūma) | गोधूमौ (gódhūmau) गोधूमा¹ (gódhūmā¹) |
गोधूमाः (gódhūmāḥ) गोधूमासः¹ (gódhūmāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Pali: godhūma
- Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
- Central:
- Eastern:
- Northern:
- Khasa Prakrit:
- Central Pahari:
- Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
- Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
- Eastern Pahari:
- Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
- Western Pahari:
- Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
- Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
- Central Pahari:
- Khasa Prakrit:
- Northwestern:
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Vracada Apabhramsa:
- Sindhi: गेहूं / گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
- Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
- Sindhi: गेहूं / گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
- Vracada Apabhramsa:
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Southern:
- Western:
Borrowed terms
- → Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)
- → Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)
- → Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)
- → Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)
- → Hindi: गोधूम (godhūm) (learned)
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “godhū́ma-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 498-9
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899) “गोधूम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 365, column 1.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “godhū́ma”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press