हीन
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit हीन (hīna), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰHnás, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₁-nós (“abandoned”).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /ɦiːn/, [ɦĩːn]
Adjective
हीन • (hīn) (indeclinable)
- bad, low, lesser; inferior
- हीनभावना ― hīnbhāvnā ― inferiority complex
- empty
- Synonym: खाली (khālī)
- lacking, deprived
- abandoned
Derived terms
- हीन- (hīn-)
References
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “हीन”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Marathi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit हीन (hīna). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘮𑘲𑘽𑘜𑘰 (hīṃṇā, “low, inferior”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɦin/, [ɦiːn]
Adjective
हीन • (hīn)
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “हीन”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “हीन”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- হীন (Assamese script)
- ᬳᬷᬦ (Balinese script)
- হীন (Bengali script)
- 𑰮𑰱𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀳𑀻𑀦 (Brahmi script)
- ဟီန (Burmese script)
- હીન (Gujarati script)
- ਹੀਨ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌹𑍀𑌨 (Grantha script)
- ꦲꦷꦤ (Javanese script)
- 𑂯𑂲𑂢 (Kaithi script)
- ಹೀನ (Kannada script)
- ហីន (Khmer script)
- ຫີນ (Lao script)
- ഹീന (Malayalam script)
- ᡥᡳᡳᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘮𑘲𑘡 (Modi script)
- ᠾᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧎𑧓𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐴𑐷𑐣 (Newa script)
- ହୀନ (Odia script)
- ꢲꢷꢥ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆲𑆵𑆤 (Sharada script)
- 𑖮𑖱𑖡 (Siddham script)
- හීන (Sinhalese script)
- 𑪂𑩑𑩛𑩯 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚩𑚯𑚝 (Takri script)
- ஹீந (Tamil script)
- హీన (Telugu script)
- หีน (Thai script)
- ཧཱི་ན (Tibetan script)
- 𑒯𑒲𑒢 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨱𑨁𑨊𑨝 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰHnás, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₁-nós (“abandoned”), from *ǵʰeh₁- (“to go, walk”).[1] Cognate with Ancient Greek χῆρος (khêros, “empty, bereft”), Latin hērēs. Related to जहाति (jahāti).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɦiː.nɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɦiː.n̪ɐ/
Adjective
हीन • (hīná) stem (root हा)
- abandoned, forsaken, left
- excluded from
- bereft or deprived of, free from, devoid of
- deficient, defective, insufficient
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | हीनः (hīnaḥ) | हीनौ (hīnau) हीना¹ (hīnā¹) |
हीनाः (hīnāḥ) हीनासः¹ (hīnāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | हीनम् (hīnam) | हीनौ (hīnau) हीना¹ (hīnā¹) |
हीनान् (hīnān) |
| instrumental | हीनेन (hīnena) | हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनैः (hīnaiḥ) हीनेभिः¹ (hīnebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | हीनाय (hīnāya) | हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनेभ्यः (hīnebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | हीनात् (hīnāt) | हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनेभ्यः (hīnebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | हीनस्य (hīnasya) | हीनयोः (hīnayoḥ) | हीनानाम् (hīnānām) |
| locative | हीने (hīne) | हीनयोः (hīnayoḥ) | हीनेषु (hīneṣu) |
| vocative | हीन (hīna) | हीनौ (hīnau) हीना¹ (hīnā¹) |
हीनाः (hīnāḥ) हीनासः¹ (hīnāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | हीना (hīnā) | हीने (hīne) | हीनाः (hīnāḥ) |
| accusative | हीनाम् (hīnām) | हीने (hīne) | हीनाः (hīnāḥ) |
| instrumental | हीनया (hīnayā) हीना¹ (hīnā¹) |
हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनाभिः (hīnābhiḥ) |
| dative | हीनायै (hīnāyai) | हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनाभ्यः (hīnābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | हीनायाः (hīnāyāḥ) हीनायै² (hīnāyai²) |
हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनाभ्यः (hīnābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | हीनायाः (hīnāyāḥ) हीनायै² (hīnāyai²) |
हीनयोः (hīnayoḥ) | हीनानाम् (hīnānām) |
| locative | हीनायाम् (hīnāyām) | हीनयोः (hīnayoḥ) | हीनासु (hīnāsu) |
| vocative | हीने (hīne) | हीने (hīne) | हीनाः (hīnāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | हीनम् (hīnam) | हीने (hīne) | हीनानि (hīnāni) हीना¹ (hīnā¹) |
| accusative | हीनम् (hīnam) | हीने (hīne) | हीनानि (hīnāni) हीना¹ (hīnā¹) |
| instrumental | हीनेन (hīnena) | हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनैः (hīnaiḥ) हीनेभिः¹ (hīnebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | हीनाय (hīnāya) | हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनेभ्यः (hīnebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | हीनात् (hīnāt) | हीनाभ्याम् (hīnābhyām) | हीनेभ्यः (hīnebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | हीनस्य (hīnasya) | हीनयोः (hīnayoḥ) | हीनानाम् (hīnānām) |
| locative | हीने (hīne) | हीनयोः (hīnayoḥ) | हीनेषु (hīneṣu) |
| vocative | हीन (hīna) | हीने (hīne) | हीनानि (hīnāni) हीना¹ (hīnā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- हीनयान (hīnayāna)
- विहीन (vihīna)
Descendants
- → Bengali: হীন (hin)
- → Hindi: हीन (hīn)
- → Indonesian: hina
- → Kannada: ಹೀನ (hīna)
- → Malay: hina
- → Marathi: हीन (hīn)
- → Punjabi: ਹੀਣ (hīṇ)
- → Tamil: ஈனம் (īṉam), ஹீனம் (hīṉam)
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “HĀ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 813-4: “hīná- verlassen”
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899) “हीन”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1296/2.
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2025) “hīna”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.