চাঁচ

Assamese

Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀘𑀁𑀙𑀇 (caṃchaï), nasalized from 𑀘𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (cacchaï), assimilated from earlier 𑀢𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (tacchaï, “to scrape, peel, cut”), from Sanskrit তক্ষতি (takṣati, “to form by cutting, chisel, hew”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *táṭṣati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *táćšati, from Proto-Indo-European *tḗtḱ-ti ~ *tétḱ-n̥ti (“to create, produce; to cut, hew”), athematic reduplication of *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”). Cognate with Bengali চাঁছা (cãcha), Odia ତାଁଛିବା (tā̃chibā), ଚାଁଛିବା (cā̃chibā), ଛାଁଛିବା (chā̃chibā), Bhojpuri चाँछल (cā̃chal), Hindi चाँछना (cā̃chnā), and distantly English text, techno- and Serbo-Croatian tesla.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sãs/

Noun

চাঁচ • (sãs) (classifier -খন)

adze

Declension

Declension of **চাঁচ**
nominative	চাঁচ / চাঁচে (sãs / sãse)
accusative	চাঁচ / চাঁচক (sãs / sãsok)
dative	চাঁচলৈ (sãsoloi)
terminative	চাঁচলৈকে (sãsoloike)
instrumental	চাঁচে / চাঁচেৰে (sãse / sãsere)
genitive	চাঁচৰ (sãsor)
locative	চাঁচত (sãsot)

Noun: Assamese nouns are indefinite. They can be both singular and plural depending on the context. They are made definite by using classifiers and plural suffixes which also make them either singular and plural.
Plural: The general plural suffixes are: -বোৰ (-bür) and -বিলাক (-bilak) (less common). Others which have specific functions include -সমূহ (-xomuh), -সকল (-xokol), -হঁত (-hõt) etc.
Nominative: The -এ (-e) suffix is used when the noun works as an agent and the verb is transitive.
Accusative: -অক (-ok) is used for animate sense and for emphasis. No case marking otherwise.
Dative 1: For direct objects -অক (-ok) marks this case instead of -অলৈ (-oloi).
Dative 2: In some dialects -অক (-ok) or -অত (-ot) marks this case instead of -অলৈ (-oloi).
Terminative: Vaguely -অলৈ (-oloi) can mark this case too.
Instrumental 1: -এ (-e) is unemphatic and -এৰে (-ere) is emphatic and more common.
Instrumental 2: Alternatively -এদি (-edi) is used instead of the default -এৰে (-ere) in Standard Assamese.
Locative: The locative suffix is -এ (-e) in repetition of the word, with adverbs and days of the week.

Verb

চাঁচ • (sãs)

to scrape

Conjugation

impersonal forms of চাঁচ

		Affirmative (+)	Negative (-)
Stem		চাঁচ sãs	নাচাঁচ nasãs
Gerund, Past participle, Agentive		চঁচা sõsa	নচঁচা nosõsa
Conjugative		চাঁচি sãsi	নাচাঁচি nasãsi
Infinitive		চাঁচিব sãsibo	নাচাঁচিব nasãsibo
Genitive infinitive		চাঁচিবৰ sãsibor	নাচাঁচিবৰ nasãsibor
Goal		চাঁচিবলৈ sãsiboloi	নাচাঁচিবলৈ nasãsiboloi
Terminative		চাঁচিবলৈকে sãsiboloike	নাচাঁচিবলৈকে nasãsiboloike
Future passive participle		চাঁচিব লগা / চাঁচিবলগীয়া sãsibo loga / sãsibologia	নাচাঁচিব লগা / নাচাঁচিবলগীয়া nasãsibo loga / nasãsibologia
Agentive (emphatic)	(♂)	চাঁচোঁতা sãsü̃ta	নাচাঁচোঁতা nasãsü̃ta
Agentive (emphatic)	♀	চাঁচঁতী sãsõti	নাচাঁচঁতী nasãsõti
Contingent		চাঁচোঁতে sãsü͂te	নাচাঁচোঁতে nasãsü͂te
Progressive participle		চাঁচোঁতে চাঁচোঁতে sãsü͂te sãsü͂te	নাচাঁচোঁতে নাচাঁচোঁতে nasãsü͂te nasãsü͂te
Reason		চঁচাত sõsat	নচঁচাত nosõsat
Past conditional		চাঁচিলত sãsilot	নাচাঁচিলত nasãsilot
Future conditional		চাঁচিলে sãsile	নাচাঁচিলে nasãsile
Perfect participle		চাঁচি sãsi	নাচাঁচি nasãsi
Habitual participle		চাঁচি চাঁচি sãsi sãsi	নাচাঁচি নাচাঁচি nasãsi nasãsi

Conjugation forms of চাঁচ

Person		First person	Second person			Third person
Person		First person	Very faml. & Inferior	Familiar	Honorific		Non honorific
Singular		মই moi	তই toi	তুমি tumi	আপুনি apuni	তেওঁ etc teü͂	সি ♂, তাই ♀ etc xi ♂, tai ♀
Plural	i	আমি ami	তহঁত tohõt	তোমালোক tümalük	আপোনালোক apünalük	তেওঁলোক teü͂lük	সিহঁত etc xihõt
Plural	t	আমি ami	তহঁতে tohõte	তোমালোকে tümalüke	আপোনালোকে apünalüke	তেওঁলোকে teü͂lüke	সিহঁতে etc xihõte
Present
Indefinite	+	চাঁচোঁ sãsü͂	চাঁচ sãso	চাঁচা sãsa	চাঁচে sãse
Indefinite	-	নাচাঁচোঁ nasãsü͂	নাচাঁচ nasãso	নাচাঁচা nasãsa	নাচাঁচে nasãse
Imperfective	+	চাঁচিছোঁ sãsisü͂	চাঁচিছ sãsiso	চাঁচিছা sãsisa	চাঁচিছে sãsise
	-	Imperfective
		চঁচা নাই sõsa nai
		"not about to" (usage is not common)
		নাচাঁচিছোঁ nasãsisü͂	নাচাঁচিছ nasãsiso	নাচাঁচিছা nasãsisa	নাচাঁচিছে nasãsise
Continuous	+	চাঁচি আছোঁ sãsi asü͂	চাঁচি আছ sãsi aso	চাঁচি আছা sãsi asa	চাঁচি আছে sãsi ase
Continuous	-	চাঁচি থকা নাই sãsi thoka nai
Past
Simple	+	চাঁচিলোঁ sãsilü͂	চাঁচিলি sãsili	চাঁচিলা sãsila	চাঁচিলে sãsile
Simple	-	নাচাঁচিলোঁ nasãsilü͂	নাচাঁচিলি nasãsili	নাচাঁচিলা nasãsila	নাচাঁচিলে nasãsile
Imperfective	+	চাঁচিছিলোঁ sãsisilü͂	চাঁচিছিলি sãsisili	চাঁচিছিলা sãsisila	চাঁচিছিলে sãsisile
	-	Imperfective
		চঁচা নাছিলোঁ sõsa nasilü͂	চঁচা নাছিলি sõsa nasili	চঁচা নাছিলা sõsa nasila	চঁচা নাছিলে sõsa nasile
		Habitual
		নাচাঁচিছিলোঁ nasãsisilü͂	নাচাঁচিছিলি nasãsisili	নাচাঁচিছিলা nasãsisila	নাচাঁচিছিলে nasãsisile
Continuous	+	চাঁচি আছিলোঁ sãsi asilü͂	চাঁচি আছিলি sãsi asili	চাঁচি আছিলা sãsi asila	চাঁচি আছিলে sãsi asile
Continuous	-	চাঁচি থকা নাছিলোঁ sãsi thoka nasilü͂	চাঁচি থকা নাছিলি sãsi thoka nasili	চাঁচি থকা নাছিলা sãsi thoka nasila	চাঁচি থকা নাছিলে sãsi thoka nasile
Future
Indicative	+	চাঁচিম sãsim	চাঁচিবি sãsibi	চাঁচিবা sãsiba	চাঁচিব sãsibo
	-	Indicative
		নাচাঁচোঁ nasãsü͂	নাচাঁচ nasãso	নাচাঁচা nasãsa	নাচাঁচে nasãse
		"Perhaps"
		নাচাঁচিম nasãsim	নাচাঁচিবি nasãsibi	নাচাঁচিবা nasãsiba	নাচাঁচিব nasõsibo
Continuous	+	চাঁচি থাকিম sãsi thakim	চাঁচি থাকিবি sãsi thakibi	চাঁচি থাকিবা sãsi thakiba	চাঁচি থাকিব sãsi thakibo
	-
		Indicative
		চাঁচি নাথাকোঁ sãsi nathakü̃	চাঁচি নাথাক sãsi nathako	চাঁচি নাথাকা sãsi nathaka	চাঁচি নাথাকে sãsi nathake
		"Perhaps"
		চাঁচি নাথাকিম sãsi nathakim	চাঁচি নাথাকিবি sãsi nathakibi	চাঁচি নাথাকিবা sãsi nathakiba	চাঁচি নাথাকিব sãsi nathakibo
Others
Imperative	+	চাঁচোঁ sãsü͂	চাঁচ sãs	চাঁচা sãsa	চাঁচক sãsok
Imperative	-	—	নাচাঁচিবি nasãsibi	নাচাঁচিবা nasãsiba	নাচাঁচিব nasãsibo
❋ Note 1: i = for intransitive verbs, t = for transitive verbs. The suffix -এ (-e) marks ergative case.
❋ Note 2: Sometimes -হঁক (-hõk) or less commonly -হঁত (-hõt) suffix is used for plural pronouns, like আমি কৰোঁহঁক (ami korü̃hõk), আপোনালোক আহিলেহঁক (apünalük ahilehõk) etc.
❋ Note 3: For intransitive verbs like যোৱা (züa, “to go”) the 3rd person suffix -এ (-e) in simple past tense is not used, like সি গ’ল (xi göl), not সি গ’লে (xi göle).
❋ Note 4: Other 3rd person pronouns have the same conjugation. Click here to see other personal pronouns.

Derived terms

চাঁচনী (sãsoni)
চাঁচি চুৰুকি (sãsi suruki)

References

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “takṣati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 319