Egyptian
Etymology
Compare Arabic خَتَمَ (ḵatama, “to seal”).
Pronunciation
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to seal
Inflection
Conjugation of ḫtm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḫtm, geminated stem: ḫtmm
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ḫtm
|
ḫtmw, ḫtm
|
ḫtmt
|
ḫtm
|
ḫtm
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ḫtm
|
ḥr ḫtm
|
m ḫtm
|
r ḫtm
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḫtm.n
|
ḫtmw, ḫtm
|
consecutive
|
ḫtm.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
ḫtmt
|
| perfective3
|
ḫtm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
ḫtm.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
ḫtm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
ḫtm
|
ḫtmm
|
potentialis1
|
ḫtm.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
ḫtm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḫtm.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ḫtm
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḫtm
|
ḫtm, ḫtmw5, ḫtmy5
|
| imperfective
|
ḫtm, ḫtmy, ḫtmw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḫtm, ḫtmj6, ḫtmy6
|
ḫtm, ḫtmw5
|
| prospective
|
ḫtm, ḫtmtj7
|
—
|
ḫtmtj4, ḫtmt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫtm
Descendants
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲧⲙⲉ (xōtme)
- Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲱⲧⲉⲙ (šōtem), ϣⲑⲁⲙ (štham)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲧⲉⲙ (štem)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲧⲉⲙ (štem)
- Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲧⲙ (šōtm), ϣⲧⲁⲙ (štam), ϣⲧⲟⲙ (štom)
- Old Coptic: ϣⲧⲁⲙ (štam)
References
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 350–352.3
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 313.