ἄγνυμι

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *wágnūmi, as evidenced by Homeric metre; probably from Proto-Indo-European *uh₂g-néw-ti, from the root *weh₂g- (“to burst apart; to make a shattering sound”) (traditionally *wag-). Cognate with Tocharian A wāk-, Tocharian B wāk- (“to burst”), and perhaps Hittite 𒉿𒀀𒆠 (wa-a-ki /⁠wāki⁠/, “bites”).

Possibly also connected to Latin vāgina (“sheath; vagina”) (if originally *“fissure, slit”; note, however, that the "vagina" meaning is not in Classical Latin and began as a euphemism), but this is usually associated with Lithuanian vóžti (“to cover”). Sometimes connected with Sanskrit वज्र (vájra-, “thunderbolt, diamond”) (*“that which splits”), but this is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“strong, lively”).[1][2][3]

Pronunciation

 

Verb

ἄγνῡμῐ • (ágnūmĭ)

  1. (transitive, chiefly Epic) to break, shatter
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.403:
      αὐτὰς δ’ ἐκ δίφρου βαλέω κατά θ’ ἅρματα ἄξω·
      autàs d’ ek díphrou baléō katá th’ hármata áxō;
      And I will throw them out of the chariot, and break down its framework:
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.148:
      δοχμώ τ’ ἀΐσσοντε περὶ σφίσιν ἄγνυτον ὕλην
      dokhmṓ t’ aḯssonte perì sphísin ágnuton húlēn
      and darting slantwise, they two break the wood around them

Conjugation

   Present: ᾰ̓́γνῡμῐ, ᾰ̓́γνῠμαι (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ᾰ̓́γνῡμῐ ᾰ̓́γνῡς ᾰ̓́γνῡσῐ(ν) ᾰ̓́γνῠτον ᾰ̓́γνῠτον ᾰ̓́γνῠμεν ᾰ̓́γνῠτε ᾰ̓γνῠ́ᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ᾰ̓γνῠ́ω,
ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωμῐ 		ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃς,
ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃσθᾰ 		ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃ,
ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃσῐ 		ᾰ̓γνῠ́ητον ᾰ̓γνῠ́ητον ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωμεν ᾰ̓γνῠ́ητε ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωσῐ(ν)
optative ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιμῐ ᾰ̓γνῠ́οις ᾰ̓γνῠ́οι ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιτον ᾰ̓γνῠοίτην ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιμεν ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιτε ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιεν
imperative   ᾰ̓́γνῡ ᾰ̓γνῠ́τω ᾰ̓́γνῠτον ᾰ̓γνῠ́των   ᾰ̓́γνῠτε ᾰ̓γνῠ́ντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ᾰ̓́γνῠμαι ᾰ̓́γνῠσαι ᾰ̓́γνῠται ᾰ̓́γνῠσθον ᾰ̓́γνῠσθον ᾰ̓γνῠ́μεθα ᾰ̓́γνῠσθε ᾰ̓́γνῠνται
subjunctive ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωμαι ᾰ̓γνῠ́ῃ ᾰ̓γνῠ́ηται ᾰ̓γνῠ́ησθον ᾰ̓γνῠ́ησθον ᾰ̓γνῠώμε(σ)θᾰ ᾰ̓γνῠ́ησθε ᾰ̓γνῠ́ωνται
optative ᾰ̓γνῠοίμην ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιο ᾰ̓γνῠ́οιτο ᾰ̓γνῠ́οισθον ᾰ̓γνῠοίσθην ᾰ̓γνῠοίμε(σ)θᾰ ᾰ̓γνῠ́οισθε ᾰ̓γνῠοίᾰτο
imperative   ᾰ̓́γνῠσο ᾰ̓γνῠ́σθω ᾰ̓́γνῠσθον ᾰ̓γνῠ́σθων   ᾰ̓́γνῠσθε ᾰ̓γνῠ́σθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ᾰ̓γνῠ́ναι ᾰ̓́γνῠσθαι
participle m ᾰ̓γνῡ́ς ᾰ̓γνῠ́μενος
f ᾰ̓γνῦσᾰ ᾰ̓γνῠμένη
n ᾰ̓γνῠ́ν ᾰ̓γνῠ́μενον
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἐᾰ́γνῡν, ἐᾰγνῠ́μην (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐᾰ́γνῡν ἐᾰ́γνῡς ἐᾰ́γνῡ ἐᾰ́γνῠτον ἐᾰγνῠ́την ἐᾰ́γνῠμεν ἐᾰ́γνῠτε ἐᾰ́γνῠσᾰν
middle/
passive 		indicative ἐᾰγνῠ́μην ἐᾰ́γνῠσο ἐᾰ́γνῠτο ἐᾰ́γνῠσθον ἐᾰγνῠ́σθην ἐᾰγνῠ́με(σ)θᾰ ἐᾰ́γνῠσθε ἐᾰ́γνῠντο
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: ἄξω, ἄξομαι (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἄξω ἄξεις ἄξει ἄξετον ἄξετον ἄξομεν ἄξετε ἄξουσῐ(ν)
optative ἄξοιμῐ ἄξοισ(θᾰ) ἄξοι ἄξοιτον ἀξοίτην ἄξοιμεν ἄξοιτε ἄξοιεν
middle indicative ἄξομαι ἄξεαι ἄξεται ἄξεσθον ἄξεσθον ἀξόμε(σ)θᾰ ἄξεσθε ἄξονται
optative ἀξοίμην ἄξοιο ἄξοιτο ἄξοισθον ἀξοίσθην ἀξοίμε(σ)θᾰ ἄξοισθε ἀξοίᾰτο
active middle
infinitive ἄξειν / ἀξέμεν(αι) / ἀξμέναι ἄξεσθαι
participle m ἄξων ἀξόμενος
f ἄξουσᾰ ἀξομένη
n ἆξον ἀξόμενον
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἔᾰξᾰ, ἐᾰξᾰ́μην, ἐᾰ́γην (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔᾰξᾰ ἔᾰξᾰς ἔᾰξε(ν) ἐᾰ́ξᾰτον ἐᾰξᾰ́την ἐᾰ́ξᾰμεν ἐᾰ́ξᾰτε ἔᾰξᾰν
subjunctive ᾰ̓́ξω,
ᾰ̓́ξωμῐ 		ᾰ̓́ξῃς,
ᾰ̓́ξῃσθᾰ 		ᾰ̓́ξῃ,
ᾰ̓́ξῃσῐ 		ᾰ̓́ξητον ᾰ̓́ξητον ᾰ̓́ξωμεν ᾰ̓́ξητε ᾰ̓́ξωσῐ(ν)
optative ᾰ̓́ξαιμῐ ᾰ̓́ξαις,
ᾰ̓́ξαισθᾰ,
ᾰ̓́ξειᾰς 		ᾰ̓́ξειε(ν) / ᾰ̓́ξαι ᾰ̓ξεῖτον ᾰ̓ξείτην ᾰ̓ξεῖμεν ᾰ̓ξεῖτε ᾰ̓ξεῖεν
imperative   ᾰ̓́ξον ᾰ̓ξᾰ́τω ᾰ̓́ξᾰτον ᾰ̓ξᾰ́των   ᾰ̓́ξᾰτε ᾰ̓ξᾰ́ντων
middle indicative ἐᾰξᾰ́μην ἐᾰ́ξᾰο ἐᾰ́ξᾰτο ἐᾰ́ξᾰσθον ἐᾰξᾰ́σθην ἐᾰξᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ ἐᾰ́ξᾰσθε ἐᾰ́ξᾰντο
subjunctive ᾰ̓́ξωμαι ᾰ̓́ξηαι ᾰ̓́ξηται ᾰ̓́ξησθον ᾰ̓́ξησθον ᾰ̓ξώμε(σ)θᾰ ᾰ̓́ξησθε ᾰ̓́ξωνται
optative ᾰ̓ξαίμην ᾰ̓́ξαιο ᾰ̓́ξαιτο ᾰ̓́ξαισθον ᾰ̓ξαίσθην ᾰ̓ξαίμε(σ)θᾰ ᾰ̓́ξαισθε ᾰ̓ξαίᾰτο
imperative   ᾰ̓́ξαι ᾰ̓ξᾰ́σθω ᾰ̓́ξᾰσθον ᾰ̓ξᾰ́σθων   ᾰ̓́ξᾰσθε ᾰ̓ξᾰ́σθων
passive indicative ἐᾰ́γην ἐᾰ́γης ἐᾰ́γη ἐᾰ́γητον ἐᾰγήτην ἐᾰ́γημεν ἐᾰ́γητε ἐᾰ́γησᾰν,
ἔᾰγεν
subjunctive ᾰ̓γῶ ᾰ̓γῇς ᾰ̓γῇ ᾰ̓γῆτον ᾰ̓γῆτον ᾰ̓γῶμεν ᾰ̓γῆτε ᾰ̓γῶσῐ(ν)
optative ᾰ̓γείην ᾰ̓γείης ᾰ̓γείη ᾰ̓γεῖτον / ᾰ̓γείητον ᾰ̓γείτην / ᾰ̓γειήτην ᾰ̓γεῖμεν / ᾰ̓γείημεν ᾰ̓γεῖτε / ᾰ̓γείητε ᾰ̓́γειεν / ᾰ̓γείησᾰν
imperative   ᾰ̓́γηθῐ ᾰ̓γήτω ᾰ̓́γητον ᾰ̓γήτων   ᾰ̓́γητε ᾰ̓γέντων
active middle passive
infinitive ᾰ̓́ξαι / ᾰ̓ξᾰ́μεν / ᾰ̓ξᾰμέναι ᾰ̓́ξᾰσθαι ᾰ̓γῆναι / ᾰ̓γήμεναι
participle m ᾰ̓́ξᾱς ᾰ̓ξᾰ́μενος ᾰ̓γείς
f ᾰ̓́ξᾱσᾰ ᾰ̓ξᾰμένη ᾰ̓γεῖσᾰ
n ᾰ̓́ξᾰν ᾰ̓ξᾰ́μενον ᾰ̓γέν
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἦξᾰ, ἠξᾰ́μην, ᾰ̓́γην (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἦξᾰ ἦξᾰς ἦξε(ν) ἤξᾰτον ἠξᾰ́την ἤξᾰμεν ἤξᾰτε ἦξᾰν
middle indicative ἠξᾰ́μην ἤξᾰο ἤξᾰτο ἤξᾰσθον ἠξᾰ́σθην ἠξᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ ἤξᾰσθε ἤξᾰντο
passive indicative ᾰ̓́γην ᾰ̓́γης ᾰ̓́γη ᾰ̓́γητον ᾰ̓γήτην ᾰ̓́γημεν ᾰ̓́γητε ᾰ̓́γησᾰν,
ᾰ̓́γεν
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἔᾱγᾰ
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔᾱγᾰ ἔᾱγᾰς ἔᾱγε(ν) ἐᾱ́γᾰτον ἐᾱ́γᾰτον ἐᾱ́γᾰμεν ἐᾱ́γᾰτε ἐᾱ́γᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἐᾱ́γω ἐᾱ́γῃς ἐᾱ́γῃ ἐᾱ́γητον ἐᾱ́γητον ἐᾱ́γωμεν ἐᾱ́γητε ἐᾱ́γωσῐ(ν)
optative ἐᾱ́γοιμῐ / ἐᾱγοίην ἐᾱ́γοις / ἐᾱγοίης ἐᾱ́γοι / ἐᾱγοίη ἐᾱ́γοιτον ἐᾱγοίτην ἐᾱ́γοιμεν ἐᾱ́γοιτε ἐᾱ́γοιεν
imperative   ἔᾱγε ἐᾱγέτω ἐᾱ́γετον ἐᾱγέτων   ἐᾱ́γετε ἐᾱγόντων
active
infinitive ἐᾱγέναι
participle m ἐᾱγώς
f ἐᾱγυῖᾰ
n ἐᾱγός
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄγνυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 13–14
  2. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯āk-i / u̯akk-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 939–940
  3. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “wāk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 635–636

Further reading

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