ἄρα

See also: άρα, -άρα, ἀρά, ἆρα, and Appendix:Variations of "ara"

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ᾰ̓́ρ (ắr) — before a consonant
ᾰ̓́ρ’ (ắr’) — apocopic
ῥᾰ (rhă) — after a monosyllabic word or a word ending in a vowel

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“thus, so”) (which is probably a grammaticalization of the "to fit, fix" meaning). Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and; so”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /á.ra/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ra/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ra/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ra/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ra/

Conjunction

ᾰ̓́ρᾰ • (ắră)

so, then, therefore, consequently

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 121

“ἄρα”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἄρα”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἄρα in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ἄρα in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
ἄρα in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
“ἄρα”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G686 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- after idem, page 17.
- all idem, page 22.
- so idem, page 790.
- then idem, page 865.

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 121

[1]