Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *h₂er-

    1. to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot

    Extensions

    • *h₂er-dʰ-
      • *h₂or-dʰ-Hō
        • Proto-Italic: *ordō
          • Latin: ōrdō (see there for further descendants)
      • Sanskrit: अर्ध (ardhá) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
      • *h₂r̥-dʰ-mó-s
        • Proto-Hellenic: *artʰmós

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂er- (54 c, 0 e)
    • >? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ir
        • Eastern Baltic:
          • Latgalian: i
          • Latvian: ir
          • Lithuanian: ir̃
        • Old Prussian: ir, er
      • Hellenic:
    • *h₂r-éh₁(ye)-ti
    • *h₂ér-dʰr-o-m
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ártʰron
    • *h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀmen-, *árˀmen-
        • Proto-Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *ármə
        • Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
          • Greek: άρμα (árma)
          • Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐ (ʔarmā)
      • ⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-
        • Italic:
    • *h₂er-mó-s ~ *h₂r̥-mó-s
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀma-
      • Proto-Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *armós
      • Indo-Iranian:
        • Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma, “arm, forequarter”)
          • Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (ārra, “arm; hand paw”)
          • Wakhi: (/⁠yurm⁠/)
            Arabic script: یؤرم
            Cyrillic script: юрм (yurm)
          • Yidgha: یارمه (yārmë, “shoulder”)
          • Zazaki: erme (/⁠arma⁠/), ermı (/⁠arme⁠/), harme (/⁠hārma⁠/), herme (/⁠harma⁠/)
          • Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎶 (*a-r-m /⁠*arma⁠/, “arm”)
            • Middle Persian: (/⁠arm⁠/)
              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlm)
              • Classical Persian: ارم (arm, “arm”)
      • Italic:
        • Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti
        • Proto-Hellenic: *armóďďō
      • ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂
    • *h₂er-mr̥
    • *h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ
          • Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)
        • Proto-Iranian: *Hártiš
          • Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (arəiti, “reward”)
      • Proto-Italic: *artis
        • Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *ārtsä[2]
        • Tocharian A: ārts
        • Tocharian B: artsa
    • *h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s
      • Armenian:
      • Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ
          • Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
          • Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)
          • Sogdian: (/⁠rətu ~ ratu⁠/, “period of 10 seconds”)
            Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)
          • Middle Persian: (/⁠rad⁠/, “chief, master; judge”)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')
            • Classical Persian: رد (rad, “sage, wise man”)
            • → Aramaic: ܪܕ (rd /⁠rad⁠/, “ruler”)
      • Proto-Italic: *artus
      • Proto-Tocharian: *ārtw-[3]
    • *h₂ér-yos
      • Proto-Germanic: *arjaz
        • Proto-West Germanic: *ari
        • Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
          • Old Norse: *err
        • Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)
    • *h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és
    • *h₂ór-o-m
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háram
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háram
        • Proto-Iranian: *Háram
          • Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (arəm, “fitting”)
    • *h₂r̥-tó-s
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)
        • Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)
        • Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)
      • Armenian:
      • Balto-Slavic:
      • Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)[4]
      • Proto-Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)[5]

    Further reading

    References

    1. ^ Isebaert, Lambert (1977) “Notes de lexicologie tokharienne I-II”, in Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French), volume 26: “āmpär”
    2. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “artsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 27
    3. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārtt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 55
    4. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “arañce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 23
    5. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 57
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