ἥμερος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Of unclear origin; not related to ἡμέρᾱ (hēmérā, “day”). Some proposed theories:^[1]

Related to Sanskrit यम् (yam, “to restrain, tame, subdue”), and thus from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to restrain, seize”).
Related to Proto-West Germanic *samft(ī) (“soft, gentle”) and Sanskrit सान्त्व (sāntva, “gentleness, consolation”), and thus from Proto-Indo-European *sóm-tu-s, itself a derivative of *sem- (“one, together”).
Related to Proto-Germanic *jēmaraz (“sad, sorrowful, miserable”), which is generally thought to be of the same origin as यम् (yam) above.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hɛ̌ː.me.ros/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)e̝.me.ros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.me.ros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.me.ros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.me.ros/

Adjective

ἥμερος • (hḗmeros) m or f (neuter ἥμερον); second declension or
ἥμερος • (hḗmeros) m (feminine ἡμέρᾱ, neuter ἥμερον); first/second declension

tame, civilized, cultivated

Inflection

As a two-ending adjective:

Second declension of ἥμερος; ἥμερον (Attic)

Number	Singular		Dual		Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ἥμερος hḗmeros	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμερᾰ hḗmeră
Genitive	ἡμέρου hēmérou	ἡμέρου hēmérou	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέρων hēmérōn	ἡμέρων hēmérōn
Dative	ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi	ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέροις hēmérois	ἡμέροις hēmérois
Accusative	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρους hēmérous	ἥμερᾰ hḗmeră
Vocative	ἥμερε hḗmere	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμερᾰ hḗmeră
Derived forms	Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
Derived forms	ἡμέρως hēmérōs		ἡμερώτερος hēmerṓteros		ἡμερώτᾰτος hēmerṓtătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

As a three-ending adjective:

First and second declension of ἥμερος; ἡμέρᾱ; ἥμερον (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ἥμερος hḗmeros	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμεραι hḗmerai	ἥμερᾰ hḗmeră
Genitive	ἡμέρου hēmérou	ἡμέρᾱς hēmérās	ἡμέρου hēmérou	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέραιν hēmérain	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέρων hēmérōn	ἡμέρων hēmérōn	ἡμέρων hēmérōn
Dative	ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi	ἡμέρᾳ hēmérāi	ἡμέρῳ hēmérōi	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέραιν hēmérain	ἡμέροιν hēméroin	ἡμέροις hēmérois	ἡμέραις hēmérais	ἡμέροις hēmérois
Accusative	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρᾱν hēmérān	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρους hēmérous	ἡμέρᾱς hēmérās	ἥμερᾰ hḗmeră
Vocative	ἥμερε hḗmere	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἥμερον hḗmeron	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἡμέρᾱ hēmérā	ἡμέρω hēmérō	ἥμεροι hḗmeroi	ἥμεραι hḗmerai	ἥμερᾰ hḗmeră
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ἡμέρως hēmérōs			ἡμερώτερος hēmerṓteros			ἡμερώτᾰτος hēmerṓtătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἀνήμερος (anḗmeros, “uncultivated, rough, wild”)
ἡμερία (hēmería, “tameness, gentleness, cultivation”)
ἡμερίδης (hēmerídēs, “regarding an improved vine”)
ἡμερίς (hēmerís, “improved vine”)
ἡμερότης (hēmerótēs, “tameness, gentleness, cultivation”)
ἡμερόφυλλος (hēmeróphullos, “with improved leaves; improved”)
ἡμερόω (hēmeróō, “to tame, cultivate, improve”)
ἡμέρωμα (hēmérōma, “cultivated plant”)
ἡμέρωσις (hēmérōsis, “improvement, cultivation”)
ἡμερωτής (hēmerōtḗs, “tamer”)

Descendants

Greek: ήμερος (ímeros)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἥμερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 519

“ἥμερος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἥμερος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ἥμερος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἥμερος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ἥμερος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“ἥμερος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G3022 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- civilised idem, page 134.
- cultivated idem, page 188.
- domestic idem, page 246.
- gentle idem, page 357.
- kind idem, page 469.
- lenient idem, page 485.
- mild idem, page 529.
- tame idem, page 855.
- tractable idem, page 885.
ἥμερος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἥμερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 519

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