Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jēmaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to hold, match, defeat, subjugate”), though the semantic shift is non-trivial.^[1] Alternatively, onomatopoeic.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈjɛː.mɑ.rɑz/

Adjective

*jēmaraz

miserable

Inflection

Declension of *jēmaraz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jēmaraz	*jēmarō	*jēmarą, -atō	*jēmarai	*jēmarôz	*jēmarō
accusative	*jēmaranǭ	*jēmarǭ	*jēmarą, -atō	*jēmaranz	*jēmarōz	*jēmarō
genitive	*jēmaras, -is	*jēmaraizōz	*jēmaras, -is	*jēmaraizǫ̂	*jēmaraizǫ̂	*jēmaraizǫ̂
dative	*jēmarammai	*jēmaraizōi	*jēmarammai	*jēmaraimaz	*jēmaraimaz	*jēmaraimaz
instrumental	*jēmaranō	*jēmaraizō	*jēmaranō	*jēmaraimiz	*jēmaraimiz	*jēmaraimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jēmarô	*jēmarǭ	*jēmarô	*jēmaraniz	*jēmarōniz	*jēmarōnō
accusative	*jēmaranų	*jēmarōnų	*jēmarô	*jēmaranunz	*jēmarōnunz	*jēmarōnō
genitive	*jēmariniz	*jēmarōniz	*jēmariniz	*jēmaranǫ̂	*jēmarōnǫ̂	*jēmaranǫ̂
dative	*jēmarini	*jēmarōni	*jēmarini	*jēmarammaz	*jēmarōmaz	*jēmarammaz
instrumental	*jēmarinē	*jēmarōnē	*jēmarinē	*jēmarammiz	*jēmarōmiz	*jēmarammiz

Derived terms

*jēmarōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *jāmar
- Old English: ġeōmor, ġēomor
  - Middle English: ȝeomere, yomer
- Old Frisian: jāmer
  - ⇒ Saterland Frisian: jammerje
  - West Frisian: jammer
- Old Saxon: jāmar
  - Middle Low German: jâmer, jammer
    - → Old Danish: iæmber
      - Danish: jammer
    - → Swedish: jämmer
- Old Dutch: jamer
  - Middle Dutch: jâmer, jammer
    - Dutch: jammer
      - Afrikaans: jammer
      - Negerhollands: jammer, jamer
      - → Caribbean Javanese: yamer
- Old High German: jāmar, āmar

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*jēm(a)raz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “jammer1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*jēm(a)raz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206

[2] van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “jammer1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

[1]

[2]