ἱδρώς

See also: ἴδρως

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ἴδρως f (ídrōs) — Aeolic
ἱδρώτας m (hidrṓtas) — Byzantine

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *hwidrṓts, from Proto-Indo-European *swidrṓts, from *sweyd- (“to sweat”) (whence also ἰδίω (idíō), ἶδος (îdos)). Particularly close cognates include Old Armenian քիրտն (kʻirtn), Latvian sviedri, Albanian djersë.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Epic)

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hiː.drɔ̌ːs/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)iˈdros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/

(Lyric)

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hi.drɔ̌ːs/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)iˈdros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/

Noun

ῑ̆̔δρώς • (hī̆drṓs) m (genitive ῑ̆̔δρῶτος); third declension

sweat, perspiration
Synonym: ἶδος n (îdos)
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 350d:
  μετὰ ἱδρῶτος
  metà hidrôtos
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.599:
  κατὰ δ’ ἱ. ἔρρεεν ἐκ μελέων
  katà d’ hi. érrheen ek meléōn
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 767:
  ἱ. ἀνῄει χρωτί
  hi. anēíei khrōtí
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Coriolanus 3:
  ῥέεσθαι ἱδρῶτι
  rhéesthai hidrôti
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 289, (of sweat as the sign of toil):
  τῆς ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν
  tês aretês hidrôta theoì propároithen éthēkan
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.29:
  ἱδρῶτα παρέχειν
  hidrôta parékhein
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, Aphorisms 4.36
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Problems 867a.13
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 239c, (opposed to the effect of baths):
  ἱδρῶτες ξηροί
  hidrôtes xēroí
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- C.E. 80–110, Textus Receptus, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Λουκᾶν 22.44
exudation or distillation from trees, gum, resin, sap
Synonyms: δάκρῠ n (dákrŭ), στᾰλαγμός m (stălagmós)
- 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 1175:
  σμύρνης
  smúrnēs
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- Ion Trag., 40:
  δρυός
  druós
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 408 BCE – 334 BCE, Antiphanes Comicus, Collected Works 52.12, (of wine):
  Βρομιάδος ἱδρῶτα πηγῆς
  Bromiádos hidrôta pēgês
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
juice, moisture
anything earned by the sweat of one's brow
- 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 750:
  οὐ γὰρ τὸν ἐμὸν ἱδρῶτα…ἐκβαλῶ
  ou gàr tòn emòn hidrôta…ekbalô
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- Chor. 270.B.

Declension

Third declension of ὁ ἱδρώς; τοῦ ἱδρῶτος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ἱδρώς ho hidrṓs	τὼ ἱδρῶτε tṑ hidrôte	οἱ ἱδρῶτες hoi hidrôtes
Genitive	τοῦ ἱδρῶτος toû hidrôtos	τοῖν ἱδρώτοιν toîn hidrṓtoin	τῶν ἱδρώτων tôn hidrṓtōn
Dative	τῷ ἱδρῶτι / ἱδρῷ tōî hidrôti / hidrōî	τοῖν ἱδρώτοιν toîn hidrṓtoin	τοῖς ἱδρῶσῐ / ἱδρῶσῐν toîs hidrôsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸν ἱδρῶτᾰ tòn hidrôtă	τὼ ἱδρῶτε tṑ hidrôte	τοὺς ἱδρῶτᾰς toùs hidrôtăs
Vocative	ἱδρώς hidrṓs	ἱδρῶτε hidrôte	ἱδρῶτες hidrôtes
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster *-ts.

Derived terms

στᾱ́ζω ἱδρῶτῐ (stā́zō hidrôtĭ)

Descendants

Greek: ιδρώτας (idrótas)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἱδρώς, -ῶτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 578–579

“ἱδρώς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἱδρώς”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ἱδρώς”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἱδρώς in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ἱδρώς in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
G2402 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- exudation idem, page 298.
- gum idem, page 379.
- perspiration idem, page 608.
- sweat idem, page 847.
ἱδρώς, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἱδρώς, -ῶτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 578–579

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