偽る

Japanese

Kanji in this term
偽
いつわ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
僞る (kyūjitai) 詐る

Etymology

According to the earliest attested form うつはる (utsuharu) in early Heian period, it is possibly a compound of 空(うつ) (utsu, “something that doesn't exist”) + 張(は)る (haru, “to spread”).

Otherwise a corrupted form of 空(うつほ) (utsuho, “something that is hollow”) + 在(あ)る (aru, “to be”), but this is morphologically problematic because r- irregular verbs did not disappear until the late Heian period.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いつわる [ìtsúwáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [it͡sɨβ̞a̠ɾɯ̟]

Verb

偽(いつわ)る • (itsuwaru) ^{←いつはる (itufaru)^?}intransitive godan (stem 偽(いつわ)り (itsuwari), past 偽(いつわ)った (itsuwatta))

disguise, cheat, falsify

Conjugation

Conjugation of "偽る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	偽ら	いつわら	itsuwara
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	偽り	いつわり	itsuwari
Shūshikei ("terminal")	偽る	いつわる	itsuwaru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	偽る	いつわる	itsuwaru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	偽れ	いつわれ	itsuware
Meireikei ("imperative")	偽れ	いつわれ	itsuware
Key constructions
Passive	偽られる	いつわられる	itsuwarareru
Causative	偽らせる偽らす	いつわらせるいつわらす	itsuwaraseru itsuwarasu
Potential	偽れる	いつわれる	itsuwareru
Volitional	偽ろう	いつわろう	itsuwarō
Negative	偽らない	いつわらない	itsuwaranai
Negative continuative	偽らず	いつわらず	itsuwarazu
Formal	偽ります	いつわります	itsuwarimasu
Perfective	偽った	いつわった	itsuwatta
Conjunctive	偽って	いつわって	itsuwatte
Hypothetical conditional	偽れば	いつわれば	itsuwareba

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK5-3] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]