壅
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Translingual
Han character
壅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜女土土 (YVGG), four-corner 00104, composition ⿱雍土)
Derived characters
- 𡄐, 𤃟
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5524
- Dae Jaweon: page 480, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 493, character 4
- Unihan data for U+58C5
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
壅 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (邕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ, *qoŋs): phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil; ground”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jung2 / jung1 / ngung1 / ung1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yûng
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iong / èng
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
- Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yong
- Wade–Giles: yung1
- Yale: yūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
- Palladius: юн (jun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yǒng
- Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yǒng
- Wade–Giles: yung3
- Yale: yǔng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeong
- Palladius: юн (jun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jung2 / jung1 / ngung1 / ung1
- Yale: yúng / yūng / ngūng / ūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: jung2 / jung1 / ngung1 / ung1
- Guangdong Romanization: yung2 / yung1 / ngung1 / ung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /jʊŋ³⁵/, /jʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: ung1 - vernacular.
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
- Hakka Romanization System: iungˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yung1
- Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iungˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yung1
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ²⁴/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iong / èng
- Tâi-lô: iong / ìng
- Phofsit Daibuun: iofng, exng
- IPA (Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ³³/, /iɪŋ⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ¹¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
- (Hokkien)
- Middle Chinese: 'jowng, 'jowngX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*qoŋ/, /*qoŋʔ/, /*qoŋs/
Definitions
壅
- (literary) to obstruct; to block; to stop
- (literary) to heap; to pile up
- (literary) to cover; to hide
Compounds
References
- “壅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
壅
Readings
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 壅 (MC 'jowngX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅩᇰ〯 (Yale: qwǒng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 붓도돌〮 오ᇰ〯 | Recorded as Middle Korean 오ᇰ〯 (wǒng) (Yale: wǒng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
| Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 마ᄀᆞᆯ 옹 | Recorded as Middle Korean 옹 ( wong) (Yale: wong) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [o̞(ː)ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [옹(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
Compounds
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
Han character
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