林檎

First attested during the Wei–Jin era.

Likely a loanword from a language in the Western Regions, apples also being a common produce of Central Asia.

林檎

1. Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica)
2. wedding gift
3. (Teochew, Zhao'an and Singapore Hokkien) sugar apple

Other:

• → Japanese: 林(りん)檎(ご) (ringo), (obsolete) 林(りゅう)檎(ごう) (ryūgō), (obsolete) 林(りん)檎(き) (rinki)
  • → Ainu: リンゴ
  • → Amis: lingko
  • → Hakka: 林檎 (lin-kó / lin-ngò) → 林檎 (lìm-khìm)
  • → Hokkien: 林檎 (lìn-gò͘) → 林檎 (lîm-khîm)
  • → Marshallese: diin̄ko
• → Korean: 능금 (neunggeum)

Borrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

林檎

1. (Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) apple

/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riŋɡõː/ → /riŋɡo/

From Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

Originally referred to the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) imported from China, it has expanded to mean any apple of the Malus genus.

First cited in 918 in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, “Japanese names for medicinal plants”).^[1]

• (Tokyo) りんご [rìńgó] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
• IPA^(key): [ɾʲĩŋɡo̞]

林(りん)檎(ご) or 林檎(リンゴ) • (ringo) 

1. [from 918] apple

   りんごの鮮(せん)度(ど)の見(み)分(わ)け方(かた)

   ringo no sendo no miwake-kata

   how to tell whether an apple is fresh

2. (slang) the company Apple Inc. or its products

   よく林(りん)檎(ご)の審(しん)査(さ)通(とお)ったなこれ。

   Yoku ringo no shinsa tōtta na kore.

   I can't believe this has passed Apple's censorship.

Can refer to either the fruit or the tree. As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as リンゴ (ringo).

• → Ainu: リンゴ
• → Amis: lingko
• → Hakka: 林檎 (lin-kó / lin-ngò) → 林檎 (lìm-khìm)
• → Hokkien: 林檎 (lìn-gò͘) → 林檎 (lîm-khîm)
• → Marshallese: diin̄ko

/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riũɡoũ/ → /rʲuːɡoː/

A variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim). The shift in reading was due to an orthographic inconsistency in spelling the nasalized mora marked as ん (n) in modern Japanese.^[1] In ancient texts, this kana did not yet exist, and the sound was often spelled using the む (mu) kana, which in certain terms shifted to, and may have been spelled as, う (u).

Appears in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō) of c. 938 CE.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ɾʲɨːɡo̞ː]

林(りゅう)檎(ごう) • (ryūgō) ^{←りうごう (riugou)?}

1. [938–???] (rare, obsolete) an apple

/rimʉkimʉ/ → */rinkiɴ/ → /rinki/

Another variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

Appears in the 色葉字類抄 (Iroha Jiruishō) of 1181.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ɾʲĩŋʲkʲi]

林(りん)檎(き) • (rinki) 

1. [1138–????] (rare, obsolete) an apple

• アップル (appuru)
• 苹(へい)果(か) (heika, “apple fruit”, rare)
• 苹(ひょう)果(か) (hyōka, “apple fruit”, rare)

林檎 • (imgeum) (hangeul 임금)

1. hanja form^? of 임금 (“crab apple”)