海水

Chinese

		ocean; sea	water; river
simp. and trad. (海水)		海	水

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hǎishuǐ

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хэ фи (he fi, II-II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hoi² seoi²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hoi² sui²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hói-súi

(Meixian, Guangdong): hoi³ sui³
Northern Min (KCR): huǒi-sṳ̌
Eastern Min (BUC): hāi-cūi
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hai³ zui³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hái-chúi

(Teochew, Peng'im): hai² zui²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵he-sy

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hǎishuǐ [Phonetic: háishuǐ]
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hǎishuěi
  - Wade–Giles: hai³-shui³
  - Yale: hǎi-shwěi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haeshoei
  - Palladius: хайшуй (xajšuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ фи (he fi, II-II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɛ⁵¹ fi⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi² seoi²
  - Yale: hói séui
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi² soey²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi² sêu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hoi² sui²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔi⁵⁵ sui⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hói-súi
  - Hakka Romanization System: hoi^ˋ sui^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hoi³ sui³
  - Sinological IPA: /hoi̯³¹ su̯i³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hoi³ sui³
  - Sinological IPA: /hoɪ³¹ suɪ³¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huǒi-sṳ̌
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuɛ²¹ sy²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hāi-cūi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³³⁻³⁵ ^(t͡s-)ʒui³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hai³ zui³ [Phonetic: hai⁵ lui³]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hâi-cûi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ^(t͡s-)lui⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hai³ zui³ [Phonetic: hai⁵ lui³]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³³²⁻²¹ ^(t͡s-)lui³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hái-chúi
  - Tâi-lô: hái-tsuí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hayzuie
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hai² zui²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hái tsúi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵he-sy
  - MiniDict: he^去 sy
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²he-sr
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /he³³ sz̩⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: xojX sywijX

Rime
Character	海	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	脂 (18)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	呼改切	式軌切
Baxter	xojX	sywijX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hʌi^X/	/ɕˠiuɪ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/həi^X/	/ɕʷᵚi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/xɒi^X/	/ɕiuɪ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/həj^X/	/ɕjwi^X/
Li Rong	/xᴀi^X/	/ɕjui^X/
Wang Li	/xɒi^X/	/ɕwi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xɑ̆i^X/	/ɕwi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hǎi	shuǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi²	seoi²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤəʔ s.turʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*hmlɯːʔ qʰʷljilʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	海	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hǎi	shuǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ xoj^X ›	‹ sywij^X ›
Old Chinese	/m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect m̥ˁ- > x-)	/s.turʔ/ (E dialect: -r > *-j)
English	sea	water; river
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	海	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9283	11948
Phonetic component	母	水
Rime group	之	脂
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	海	水
Old Chinese	/*hmlɯːʔ/	/*qʰʷljilʔ/

Noun

海水

seawater; ocean water
海水淡化 ― hǎishuǐ dànhuà ― seawater desalinization

Derived terms

半海水 (bànhǎishuǐ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (海水):

→ Japanese: 海水(かいすい) (kaisui)
→ Korean: 해수(海水) (haesu)

References

李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “90 潮水”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 299.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
海	水
かい Grade: 2	すい Grade: 1
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

Etymology

From 海 (kai, "sea," "ocean") + 水 (sui, "water," "cold water").

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かいすい [kàísúí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠isɨi]

Noun

海(かい)水(すい) • (kaisui)

seawater

Derived terms

海水(かいすい)パンツ (kaisui pantsu): men's bathing suit
海水温(かいすいおん) (kaisuion): seawater temperature
海水魚(かいすいぎょ) (kaisuigyo): saltwater fish
海水着(かいすいぎ) (kaisuigi): bathing suit
海水帽(かいすいぼう) (kaisuibō): bathing cap
海水浴(かいすいよく) (kaisuiyoku): sea bathing
海水浴場(かいすいよくじょう) (kaisuiyokujō): swimming area