臼

See also: 𦥑, 曰, 白, 日, and 鼠

臼	U+81FC, 臼 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81FC

← 臻
[U+81FB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

臽 →
[U+81FD]

⾅	U+2F85, ⾅ KANGXI RADICAL MORTAR

← ⾄
[U+2F84]

Kangxi Radicals

⾆ →
[U+2F86]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

臼 (Kangxi radical 134, 臼+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 竹難 (HX), four-corner 7777₀, composition ⿵⿲丨⿱丿一⿹𠃍一一)

Kangxi radical #134, ⾅.

Derived characters

Appendix:Chinese radical/臼
㧮, 桕, 𭹉, 𧧖, 𧳈, 𩢹, 𩶧, 齨, 𠜃, 𨋺, 𨾹, 𩒦, 𩶿, 䳎
兒, 帠, 䊆, 䢅, 䳔, 鼠, 𪠨, 𡘑, 𭇦, 𣆫, 𨿀, 𩣅, 𪓢, 臽, 𡚒, 㳫, 𤘈, 𦭻, 𮃼, 𦽭, 閰, 裒
𦥚, 㖬, 𢝘, 揑, 湼, 䛼, 毁, 隉, 㷐, 毀, 𢶽, 𣫞

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1003, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30173
Dae Jaweon: page 1459, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3037, character 1
Unihan data for U+81FC

Chinese

simp. and trad.		臼

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 臼
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
臼	*ɡuʔ
齨	*ɡuʔ
桕	*ɡuʔ
舅	*ɡuʔ
舊	*ɡʷɯs
匶	*ɡʷɯs
閰	*kuɡ

Pictogram (象形): a mortar. See the original version of 舂, in which a pestle is visible on top. Unrelated to the top component of 學, 兒, 䳔, 鼠, and 叟.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiù (jiu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kau⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khiû

(Hailu, HRS): kiu^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): kiu¹
Eastern Min (BUC): kô / kêu
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khǔ / khū / kiǔ / kiū

(Teochew, Peng'im): ku⁶ / giu⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶jieu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
  - Wade–Giles: chiu⁴
  - Yale: jyòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
  - Palladius: цзю (czju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: kau⁵
  - Yale: káuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kau⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: keo⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐu̯¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiû
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiu^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯u²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiu^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰiu⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰiu⁴⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kô / kêu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰou²⁴²/, /kʰiɛu²⁴²/

Note:

kô - vernacular;
kêu - litereary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khǔ
  - Tâi-lô: khǔ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰu²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khū
  - Tâi-lô: khū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰu²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰu³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiǔ
  - Tâi-lô: kiǔ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiū
  - Tâi-lô: kiū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu²²/

Note:

khǔ/khū - vernacular;
kiǔ/kiū - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ku⁶ / giu⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khŭ / kiŭ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu³⁵/, /kiu³⁵/

Note:

ku6 - vernacular;
giu6 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶jieu
  - MiniDict: jieu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³jjieu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑiɤ²³/

Middle Chinese: gjuwX

Rime
Character	臼
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其九切
Baxter	gjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guw^X/
Li Rong	/ɡiu^X/
Wang Li	/ɡĭəu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ɡ]ʷəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡuʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	臼
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiù
Middle Chinese	‹ gjuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.[ɡ]ʷəʔ/
English	mortar
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	臼
Reading #	1/1
No.	6977
Phonetic component
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	舅
Old Chinese	/*ɡuʔ/

Definitions

臼

mortar (hollow vessel used to pound or crush ingredients)
something which resembles a mortar

Compounds

不落窠臼 (bùluòkējiù)
井臼
大臼齒 / 大臼齿 (dàjiùchǐ)
小臼齒 / 小臼齿 (xiǎojiùchǐ)
操井臼
杵臼 (chǔjiù)
杵臼交
杵臼關節 / 杵臼关节
炊臼
炊臼之夢 / 炊臼之梦
炊臼之戚
烏臼 / 乌臼
窠臼 (kējiù)
紡績井臼 / 纺绩井臼
脫臼 / 脱臼 (tuōjiù)
自操井臼
臼中無釜 / 臼中无釜
臼窠 (jiùkē)
臼頭深目 / 臼头深目
臼齒 / 臼齿 (jiùchǐ)
虀臼
親操井臼 / 亲操井臼
門臼 / 门臼 (ménjiù)
齏臼 / 齑臼 (jījiù)

References

(Min Nan) Taiwan Min Nan Common Words Dictionary (臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典)

Japanese

Kanji

臼

(Jōyō kanji)

millstone; mortar

Readings

Go-on: ぐ (gu)
Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}
Kun: うす (usu, 臼, Jōyō)、おす (osu, 臼)

Compounds

臼歯(きゅうし) (kyūshi)
臼砲(きゅうほう) (kyūhō)
烏臼(うきゅう) (ukyū)
脱臼(だきゅう) (dakyū)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
臼
うす Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
碓

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.^[1] From Proto-Japonic *osu. Compare Yamagata Japanese おす (osu).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) うす [úꜜsù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]
IPA^(key): [ɯ̟sɨ]

Noun

臼(うす) • (usu)

millstone, mortar

Derived terms

臼茸(ウスタケ) (usutake)
臼玉(うすだま) (usudama)
臼(ウス)の木(キ) (usu no ki)
石臼(いしうす) (ishiusu)
雄臼(おうす) (ōsu)
鉄臼(かなうす) (kanausu)
立臼(たちうす) (tachiusu)
茶臼(ちゃうす) (chausu)
搗(つ)き臼(うす) (tsukiusu)
碾(ひ)き臼(うす) (hikiusu)
雌臼(めうす) (meusu)

References

^ “臼・碓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

臼 (eum 구 (gu))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

臼: Hán Nôm readings: cối, cữu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[KDJ2-1] “臼・碓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]