軛

See also: 轭

軛	U+8EDB, 軛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8EDB

← 軚
[U+8EDA]

CJK Unified Ideographs

軜 →
[U+8EDC]

Translingual

Han character

軛 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十一尸山 (JJMSU), four-corner 5101₂, composition ⿰車厄)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1240, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38207
Dae Jaweon: page 1716, character 16
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3517, character 8
Unihan data for U+8EDB

Chinese

trad.		軛
simp.		轭
alternative forms		軶

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (戹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
呃	qreːɡs, qreːɡ
阸	qreːɡs, qreːɡ
厄	*qreːɡ
蚅	*qreːɡ
扼	*qreːɡ
軛	*qreːɡ
戹	*qreːɡ
豟	*qreːɡ
呝	*qreːɡ
軶	*qreːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qreːɡ): semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 厄 (OC *qreːɡ, “yoke”) – specialized form of 厄.

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔik (“to strangle”), whence also 縊 (OC *qleːɡs, *qleɡs, “to strangle”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): è (e⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): aak¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ak⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ak

(Meixian, Guangdong): ag⁵
Northern Min (KCR): ă̤
Eastern Min (BUC): áik
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): eh⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): eh / ek / iak

(Teochew, Peng'im): êh⁴

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): eg⁴
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸ngeq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nga⁴ / nge⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: è
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: è
  - Wade–Giles: o⁴
  - Yale: è
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
  - Palladius: э (e)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: aak¹
  - Yale: āak
  - Cantonese Pinyin: aak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: ag¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːk̚⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ak⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ak̚²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ak
  - Hakka Romanization System: ag^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ag⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ak̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ag⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ak̚¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ă̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛ²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: áik
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiʔ²⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: eh⁶
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: eh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: eh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: eh
  - Tâi-lô: eh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eq
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /eʔ⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /eʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/

Note:

Xiamen, Quanzhou:
- eh - vernacular;
- ek/iak - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: êh⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: eh
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /eʔ²/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: eg⁴
- Sinological IPA: /ek̚⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸ngeq
  - MiniDict: ngeh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵ngeq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋəʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nga⁴ / nge⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa̠⁴⁵/, /ŋɤ̞²⁴/

Note:

nga4 - vernacular;
nge6 - literary.

Middle Chinese: 'eak

Rime
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	麥 (119)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	於革切
Baxter	'eak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠɛk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚæk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɐk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɛk̚/
Wang Li	/æk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔæk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qˤ<r>[i]k/

(Zhengzhang): /*qreːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔɛk ›
Old Chinese	/*qˁ<r>[i]k/
English	part of a yoke
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
No.	2711
Phonetic component	戹
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	戹
Old Chinese	/*qreːɡ/
Notes	原從戹

Definitions

軛

yoke
to restrain; to control

Compounds

亢軛 / 亢轭
偏轉軛 / 偏转轭
共軛弧 / 共轭弧
共軛複數 / 共轭复数 (gòng'è fùshù)
共軛角 / 共轭角
共軛雙曲線 / 共轭双曲线
共軛鹼 / 共轭碱 (gòng'èjiǎn)
牛軛 / 牛轭 (niú'è)
牛軛湖 / 牛轭湖 (niú'èhú)
犁軛 / 犁轭
狖軛鼯軒 / 狖轭鼯轩
琱軛 / 雕轭
羈軛 / 羁轭
衡軛 / 衡轭
複共軛的 / 复共轭的
負軛 / 负轭
車軛 / 车轭
軛束 / 轭束
軛縛 / 轭缚
輪軛 / 轮轭
轅軛 / 辕轭
銜軛 / 衔轭
鞅軛 / 鞅轭
頓軛 / 顿轭
馬軛 / 马轭

Descendants

→ Proto-Tai: *ʔeːkᴰ (“yoke”)
- Ahom: 𑜒𑜢𑜀𑜫 (ʼik)
- Lao: ແອກ (ʼǣk)
- Lü: ᦶᦀᧅ (˙ʼaek)
- Shan: ဢႅၵ်ႇ (ʼèk)
- Tai Dam: ꪵꪮꪀ
- Tai Nüa: ᥟᥦᥐᥱ (ʼǎek)
- Thai: แอก (ɛ̀ɛk)
- Zhuang: ek

References

“軛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

軛

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

On (unclassified): あく (aku)、やく (yaku)
Kun: くびき (kubiki)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
軛
くびき Hyōgai
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 軛 – see the following entry.

【くびき】

[noun] yoke (wooden bar)

Alternative spellings
衡, 頸木

(This term, 軛, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)