鍛

See also: 煅 and 锻

鍛	U+935B, 鍛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-935B

← 鍚
[U+935A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鍜 →
[U+935C]

Translingual

Han character

鍛 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 金竹十水 (CHJE), four-corner 8714₇, composition ⿰釒段)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1314, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40625
Dae Jaweon: page 1814, character 26
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4233, character 1
Unihan data for U+935B

Chinese

trad.		鍛
simp.		锻
2nd round simp.		煅

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (段) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鍛	*toːns
腶	*toːns
碫	*toːns
瑖	*toːns
緞	doːnʔ, doːns
段	*doːns
椴	*doːns
毈	*doːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːns): semantic 釒 (“metal”) + phonetic 段 (OC *doːns).

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-t(w)a ~ *(t/d)u (“hammer, strike, slap”), provisionally set up by STEDT, and cognate with 碓 (OC *tuːls, “pestle”), Burmese တူ (tu, “hammer”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): duàn (duan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dyun³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thon
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): toàn / thoàn

(Teochew, Peng'im): duêng³ / duang³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: duàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: duàn
  - Wade–Giles: tuan⁴
  - Yale: dwàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duann
  - Palladius: дуань (duanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯än⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: dyun³
  - Yale: dyun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dyn³
  - Guangdong Romanization: dün³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tyːn³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thon
  - Hakka Romanization System: ton
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ton⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰon⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: toàn
  - Tâi-lô: tuàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: doaxn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /tuan²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tuan¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tuan⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thoàn
  - Tâi-lô: thuàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: toaxn
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰuan²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰuan¹¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: duêng³ / duang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tuèng / tuàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tueŋ²¹³/, /tuaŋ²¹³/

Note:

duêng3 - Chaozhou;
duang3 - Shantou.

Middle Chinese: twanH

Rime
Character	鍛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	丁貫切
Baxter	twanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʷɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twan^H/
Li Rong	/tuɑn^H/
Wang Li	/tuɑn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dyun³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*toːns/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鍛
Reading #	1/1
No.	2529
Phonetic component	段
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*toːns/

Definitions

鍛

to forge; to shape metal
鍛造／锻造 ― duànzào ― to forge
to temper; to refine

Compounds

日鍛月煉 / 日锻月炼
月鍛季煉 / 月锻季炼
百鍛千練 / 百锻千练
鍛件 / 锻件 (duànjiàn)
鍛冶 / 锻冶 (duànyě)
鍛壓 / 锻压
鍛工 / 锻工
鍛打 / 锻打
鍛接 / 锻接
鍛模 / 锻模
鍛焊 / 锻焊
鍛燒 / 锻烧
鍛矢 / 锻矢
鍛造 / 锻造 (duànzào)
鍛錘 / 锻锤
鍛鍊 / 锻炼 (duànliàn)
鍛鐵 / 锻铁 (duàntiě)

Japanese

Kanji

鍛

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
Kan-on: たん (tan, Jōyō)
Kun: きたえる (kitaeru, 鍛える, Jōyō)^{←きたへる (kitaferu, 鍛へる, historical)}
Nanori: かじ (kaji)^{←かぢ (kadi, historical)}

Compounds

鍛冶(かじ) (kaji)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
鍛
たん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 鍛 (MC twanH).

Affix

鍛(たん) • (tan)

forging, smithing
(by extension) refining, disciplining (of the mind, body, etc.)

Derived terms

鍛(たん)戸(こ) (tanko)
鍛(たん)工(こう) (tankō)
鍛(たん)鋼(こう) (tankō)
鍛(たん)接(せつ) (tansetsu)
鍛(たん)造(ぞう) (tanzō)
鍛(たん)鉄(てつ) (tantetsu)
鍛(たん)冶(や) (tan'ya)
鍛(たん)錬(れん) (tanren)
可(か)鍛(たん)性(せい) (katansei)
鋳(ちゅう)鍛(たん) (chūtan)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
鍛
きた(え) Grade: S
kun'yomi

Nominalization of 鍛え (kitae, “forging”).

Proper noun

鍛(きたえ) • (Kitae) ^{←きたへ (Kitafe)^?}

a male given name

Korean

Hanja

鍛 (eumhun 불릴 단 (bullil dan))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

단련 (鍛鍊, dallyeon)

Old Japanese

Etymology

⟨kana uti⟩ → ⟨kanuti⟩

Originally a compound of 金 (kana, combining form of kane, “metal”) +‎ 打ち (uti, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 打つ (utu), “to strike”).

Noun

鍛 (kanuti) (kana かぬち)

the forging of metal; also such a person who forges metal: a metalsmith, smith

Derived terms

鍛部 (kanutibe₂)
鍛冶司 (kanuti no₂ tukasa)
韓鍛 (Kara kanuti)

Descendants

Japanese: 鍛冶 (kaji)

Vietnamese

Han character

鍛: Hán Nôm readings: đoán, đoàn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.